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Published on in Vol 27 (2025)

This is a member publication of Bibsam Consortium

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/63312, first published .
Two nurses review patient data on a computer screen at a hospital reception desk.

Virtual Patient Simulations Using Social Robotics Combined With Large Language Models for Clinical Reasoning Training in Medical Education: Mixed Methods Study

Virtual Patient Simulations Using Social Robotics Combined With Large Language Models for Clinical Reasoning Training in Medical Education: Mixed Methods Study

Journals

  1. Huang S, Wen C, Bai X, Li S, Wang S, Wang X, Yang D. Exploring the Application Capability of ChatGPT as an Instructor in Skills Education for Dental Medical Students: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2025;27:e68538 View
  2. Bowers P, Ryan T, Graydon K, Lau J, Tomlin D. Healthcare educators’ perspectives on artificial intelligence driven virtual patients for teaching communication skills. Interactive Technology and Smart Education 2026;23(1):97 View
  3. Luo M, Bi S, Pang J, Liu L, Tsui C, Lai Y, Chen W, Yang Y, Xu K, Zhao L, Jin L, Lin D, Wu X, Chen J, Chen R, Liu Z, Zou Y, Yang Y, Li Y, Lin H. A large language model digital patient system enhances ophthalmology history taking skills. npj Digital Medicine 2025;8(1) View
  4. Liu Y, Chou C, Jaing T, Okoli C. Generative AI for clinical reasoning: A scoping review. Teaching and Learning in Nursing 2026;21(1):e305 View
  5. Sheth U, Lo M, McCarthy J, Baath N, Last N, Guo E, Monteiro S, Sibbald M. Understanding the Role of Large Language Model Virtual Patients in Developing Communication and Clinical Skills in Undergraduate Medical Education. International Medical Education 2025;4(4):39 View
  6. Khoury P, Oppenheimer J, Bunyavanich S, Ciaccio C, Portnoy J. Preparing Allergists to Practice in 2050 Using Artificial Intelligence. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice 2025;13(11):2927 View
  7. Li D, Lebai Lutfi S. Large Language Model–Based Virtual Patient Systems for History-Taking in Medical Education: Comprehensive Systematic Review. JMIR Medical Informatics 2026;14:e79039 View
  8. Borg A, Schiött J, Ivegren W, Gentline C, Huss V, Hugelius A, Jobs B, Espinosa F, Ruiz M, Edelbring S, Georg C, Skantze G, Parodis I. AI-Enhanced Social Robotic Versus Computer-Based Virtual Patients for Clinical Reasoning Training in Medical Education: Observational Crossover Cohort Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2025;27:e82541 View
  9. Zeng J, Qi W, Shen S, Liu X, Li S, Wang B, Dong C, Zhu X, Shi Y, Lou X, Wang B, Yao J, Jiang G, Zhang Q, Cao S. Embracing the Future of Medical Education With Large Language Model–Based Virtual Patients: Scoping Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2025;27:e79091 View
  10. Cheng W, Hu Z, Yu H. A bibliometric analysis of artificial intelligence in medical education (2015–2025). Medicine 2025;104(46):e45684 View
  11. Jo Y, Lee M, Yang H. Large Language Model-Based Virtual Patient Simulations in Medical and Nursing Education: A Review. Applied Sciences 2025;15(22):11917 View
  12. Elhilali A, Ngo A, Reichenpfader D, Denecke K. Large Language Model–Based Patient Simulation to Foster Communication Skills in Health Care Professionals: User-Centered Development and Usability Study. JMIR Medical Education 2025;11:e81271 View
  13. Michalczak M, Zgoda W, Michalczak J, Żądło A, Nasser A, Tokarek T. Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: A Narrative Review. AI 2025;6(12):322 View
  14. García-Torres D, Fernández C, Mira J, Morales A, Vicente M. Using AI-Based Virtual Simulated Patients for Training in Psychopathological Interviewing: Cross-Sectional Observational Study. JMIR Medical Education 2025;11:e78857 View
  15. Elío I, Tutusaus K, Eguren-García I, Lasarte-García Á, Ortega-Mansilla A, Prola T, Sumalla-Cano S. Innovative Application of Chatbots in Clinical Nutrition Education: The E+DIEting_Lab Experience in University Students. Nutrients 2026;18(2):257 View
  16. Olukanni E, Akanmu A, Jebelli H. Multimodal Large Language Models in Construction Education for Learning Human–Robot Collaboration: A Narrative Review. ASCE OPEN: Multidisciplinary Journal of Civil Engineering 2026;4(1) View
  17. Borg A, Schiött J, Ivegren W, Gentline C, Huss V, Hugelius A, Jobs B, Ruiz M, Edelbring S, Georg C, Skantze G, Parodis I. AI-generated Feedback Following Social Robotic Virtual Patient Interactions and Medical Student Performance: Nonrandomized Quasi-Experimental Study. JMIR Medical Education 2026;12:e90368 View
  18. Borg A, Jobs B, Gentline C, Huss V, Hugelius A, Schiött J, Ivegren W, Espinosa F, Ruiz M, Edelbring S, Georg C, Skantze G, Parodis I. Self-experienced empathetic behaviour patterns in medical students during virtual patient encounters: a comparison between an AI-enhanced social robot and a computer-based platform. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 2026;9 View
  19. Andrade B, Araújo Pereira M, Avena K. Dopamine, Distraction, and Disruption: Perspectives on How Technology and Generation Z Are Reshaping Medical Education. JMIR Medical Education 2026;12:e80791 View
  20. Gandhi B, Morjaria L, Illamperuma I, Nadesan P, Arora A, Sibbald M. Large Language Model-Based Virtual Patients for Simulated Clinical Learning: A Scoping Review. AI in Medicine 2026;1(1):7 View
  21. Khan A, Hasan S, Ismail F. Integration of Artificial Intelligence Into Extended Reality Debriefing in Healthcare Simulation: A Narrative Review. Advances in Medical Education and Practice 2026;Volume 17:1 View
  22. Aktar T, Farquhar R, Jacobs C. Conversational Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: A Scoping Review. Cureus 2026 View
  23. Chen Z. Metaverse enabled virtual reality and simulation training for medical education review. iScience 2026;29(5):115656 View
  24. Jiang J, Ye M, Kwok T, Wong J. GenAI-Supported Virtual Patients in Health Care Education: Systematic Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2026;28:e82756 View
  25. Prentzas J, Binopoulou A. Combinations of Generative Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in K-12 and Higher Education: A Review. Electronics 2026;15(9):1835 View
  26. Johnson R, Roskvist R, Gauznabi S, Walker E, Eggleton K, Wells S, Goodyear-Smith F. Teaching general practice to medical students across 44 medical schools: a thematic analysis. Education for Primary Care 2026;37(3-4):149 View
  27. BaHammam F. Feasibility of Large Language Model–Based Standardized Virtual Patients to Support Clinical Decision-Making Training in Operative Dentistry: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Formative Research 2026;10:e91021 View
  28. Bi W, Li L. Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Medical Training: Current Applications and Future Directions. Journal of Medicine and Physical Education 2026;3(1):38 View
  29. Qu Y, Xu X, Long Y, Wang Y, Li J, Lu X. A Large Language Model–Powered Multiagent Framework Emulating Standardized Patients in Clinical Communication Skills Training: Development and Evaluation Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2026;28:e84747 View
  30. Thind B, Javidi D, Schwartz L. Artificial intelligence in undergraduate medical education clinical skills curricula: a scoping review of implementations since 2022. Frontiers in Digital Health 2026;8 View
  31. Zhang Q, Wang H, Li H, Jiao F, Zhou H, Li M. Application of large language models in medical diagnosis: A bibliometric review. DIGITAL HEALTH 2026;12 View
  32. Wang R, Wang J, Huang Y, Guo H, Pang J. A survey on medical multimodal retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). High-Confidence Computing 2026:100415 View
  33. Jia Z, Wei Dai D, Aryadoust V, Hua Z. The Application of Generative Artificial Intelligence Tools in Healthcare Communication Education: A Systematic Review. Research Synthesis in Applied Linguistics 2026:1 View
  34. Wu X, Zhang J, Xu M, Chu H, Chen X, Zhong P, Liu B, He M, Shi D. Toward Autonomous Clinics: Human–Robot Collaboration in Clinical Care. MedComm 2026;7(8) View
  35. García-Alegría J, Ruiz-Hidalgo D, Rodríguez-Carballeira M. La formación en medicina interna en la era de la inteligencia artificial. Revista Clínica Española 2026;226(8):502609 View
  36. Khan M, Edgcomb J, Heldt J, Yang Y, Debonis K, Richards M, Khalsa S. Artificial Intelligence in Psychiatric Graduate Medical Education. Academic Psychiatry 2026 View
  37. Chen Y, Jiang L, Wu L, Gong W, Wu J, Zhen J, Tong Y, Guo Y, Xu Z. A virtual patient-based training program to enhance clinical decision-making competencies in general practice residents: mixed-methods study. BMC Medical Education 2026;26(1) View
  38. García-Alegría J, Ruiz-Hidalgo D, Rodríguez-Carballeira M. Training in internal medicine in the age of artificial intelligence. Revista Clínica Española (English Edition) 2026;226(8):502609 View
  39. Zeng J, Zhu X, Liu X, Li S, Shen S, Zhang Q, Cao S. Undergraduate nursing students’ perceptions, needs, and expectations regarding large language model–based virtual patients: a qualitative study. BMC Nursing 2026;25(1) View
  40. Zhao J, Yang K, Gao H, Jiang G. Generative artificial intelligence and the transformation of medical education: a scoping review. Frontiers in Education 2026;11 View
  41. Johnston S, McFadden S, Glass D, McFeeters C, Marley J. Effectiveness of Generative AI–Enabled Teaching for Clinical Reasoning in Health Care Education: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JMIR Research Protocols 2026;15:e95709 View
  42. Sulca Quispe R, Purilla Janto J, Jáuregui-Figueroa M, Figueroa Bejarano De Jauregui M. Inteligencia artificial y razonamiento clínico en educación médica: una revisión sistemática. Revista Simón Rodríguez 2026;6(13):1 View
  43. Pienkowska A, Ng O, Hou J, Han S. The Forgotten Student—Generative AI Use in Medical Education and the Technology-Integrated Educational Design (TIED) Road Map: Scoping Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2026;28:e96099 View
  44. Мухсимова Н, Динмухаммадиев Н. ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ МЕДИЦИНСКОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ: ГЕЙМИФИКАЦИЯ, ВИРТУАЛЬНАЯ РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ, ВИРТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПАЦИЕНТЫ И ИСКУССТВЕННЫЙ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТ В АКТИВНОМ ОБУЧЕНИИ. Bulletin of Pedagogues of New Uzbekistan 2026;4(10):21 View
  45. Fernández C, Sánchez-Ferrer F, Vicente M. Practicing pediatric interviews with parents through conversational AI-based virtual patients: an observational study in Spanish undergraduate medical education. Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions 2026;23:27 View
  46. Fang E, Boon Y, Ho J, Tey N, Low M. Artificial intelligence generated virtual patients in health professions education: a scoping review. BMC Medical Education 2026;26(1) View
  47. Pears M, Wadhwa K, Payne S, Konstantinidis S, Biyani C. Large language models in healthcare simulation education: a bibliometric analysis of simulation approaches and non-technical skills. Global Surgical Education - Journal of the Association for Surgical Education 2026;5(1) View
  48. Van Bostraeten P, Mertens L, Jaeken J, Bossen J, Toelen J, Bekkering G, Delvaux N, Aertgeerts B. Large Language Model–Powered 3D Avatars to Train Shared Decision-Making in Undergraduate Medical Students: Design and Mixed Methods Acceptance Study. JMIR Formative Research 2026;10:e102449 View

Books/Policy Documents

  1. Mirzac V, Thallemer A, Yu M, Chen Y, Tsai C. New Trends in Disruptive Technologies, Tech Ethics and Artificial Intelligence. View
  2. Yassin A. Academic Medicine - New Trends and Developments for the 2030s, Volume 2 [Working Title]. View
  3. Hoang L, Joshi P, Chahin S, Ergun-Longmire B, Apple R. Innovation in Medical Education and Clinical Practice. View

Conference Proceedings

  1. Jeyaraman M, Jeyaraman N, Ramasubramanian S, Murugan S, Vijayaragavan V. 2025 IEEE 6th International Conference in Robotics and Manufacturing Automation (ROMA). Review of Robotics in Healthcare Education Innovations, Challenges, and Future Directions View
  2. Dollis J, Brito I, Färber F, Ribeiro P, Webster G, Bastos A, Sousa R, Filho A. 2026 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW). When Avatars Have Personality: Effects on Engagement and Communication in Immersive Medical Training View