“Small” Large Language Models in the Hospital: Evaluation Study on Real-World Data in a Resource-Constrained Setting

He A Xu   ¹ , PhD ;   Romain Pythoud   ¹ , MSc ;   Christian W Thorball   ¹ , PhD ;   Giorgia Carra   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Bogdan Kulynych   ¹ , PhD ;   Jérémie Despraz   ¹ , MSc ;   Coralie Galland-Decker   ³ , MD ;   Errikos Maslias   ⁴ , MD ;   Edouard Baudson   ⁴ , BSc ;   Thomas Brahier   ² , MD ;   Vanessa Kraege   ^{5, 6} , MD, eMBA ;   Ana Catarina de Sousa Teixeira   ⁶ , MD ;   Carlos Fidalgo   ⁷ , MD ;   Florian Berthaudin   ⁷ , MD ;   Amagoia Madina   ⁸ , MSc ;   Solange Zoergiebel   ⁸ , MSc ;   Francois Bastardot   ³ , MD ;   Athina Stravodimou   ⁹ , MD ;   Marie Méan   ⁷ , MD ;   Jacques Fellay   ^{1, 10} , MD, PhD ;   Philippe Ryvlin   ⁴ , MD ;   Jean Louis Raisaro   ¹ , PhD

¹ Biomedical Data Science Center, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

² Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

³ Clinical Informatics Unit, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

⁴ Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

⁵ Lausanne University hospital, Innovation and medical research directorate, Lausanne, Switzerland

⁶ University of Lausanne, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland

⁷ Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Division of Internal Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland

⁸ IT Department, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

⁹ Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology Service, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

¹⁰ School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland