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This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Chatbots and Conversational Agents (1140) Consumer & Patient Education and Shared-Decision Making (1255) Telehealth and Telemonitoring (3009) Natural Language Processing (1235) Information Seeking, Information Needs (646) Generative Language Models Including ChatGPT (1436) Responsible Health AI (204)

Published on in Vol 28 (2026)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/85516, first published .
Doctor in white coat using smartphone, stethoscope around neck

Comparison of Emotional Content in Text Responses From Physicians and AI Chatbots to Patient Health Queries: Cross-Sectional Study

Comparison of Emotional Content in Text Responses From Physicians and AI Chatbots to Patient Health Queries: Cross-Sectional Study

Authors of this article:

Daniel T Burns1 Author Orcid Image ;   Channing Bice2 Author Orcid Image ;   Paul E Johnson3 Author Orcid Image ;   Nicholas Chia4 Author Orcid Image ;   Timothy Robinson1 Author Orcid Image
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Journals

  1. Zang T, Yan X, Dong Y, Zhang Z, Lin H. Comparative Evaluation of ChatGPT-5.4 Mini and Gemini 3 Flash in Scar Patient Education: Quality, Reliability, and Readability Analysis. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 2026 View