This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Generative Language Models Including ChatGPT (708) Machine Learning (2076) Design and Evaluation of Patient Education Materials (117) Foundation Models and Their Applications in AI (51) Chatbots and Conversational Agents (740) Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Medical Education (182)

Published on in Vol 27 (2025)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/69955, first published .
Enhancing the Readability of Online Patient Education Materials Using Large Language Models: Cross-Sectional Study

Enhancing the Readability of Online Patient Education Materials Using Large Language Models: Cross-Sectional Study

Enhancing the Readability of Online Patient Education Materials Using Large Language Models: Cross-Sectional Study

Authors of this article:

John Will1 Author Orcid Image ;   Mahin Gupta1 Author Orcid Image ;   Jonah Zaretsky2 Author Orcid Image ;   Aliesha Dowlath1 Author Orcid Image ;   Paul Testa1, 3 Author Orcid Image ;   Jonah Feldman1, 4 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (16) Tweetations Metrics

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  2. Qiu X, Luo C, Zhang Q, Chung K, Chen W, Chen H. Enhancing the Readability of Online Pediatric Cataract Education Materials: A Comparative Study of Large Language Models. Translational Vision Science & Technology 2025;14(8):19 View
  3. Temizsoy Korkmaz F, Ok F, Karip B, Keleş P. Exploring body donation communication with large language models: Accuracy, readability, and ethical considerations. Anatomical Sciences Education 2025;18(11):1238 View
  4. Zang T, Li J, Wei L, Wang Y. Multicriteria Assessment of Text Quality in Large Language Model–Generated Gynecomastia Materials: DeepSeek Versus OpenAI Versus Claude. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 2025 View
  5. Dunnett J, Holkham J, Trebacz A, Baldasera C, Francis C, Dawson L, Swiers R, Christie-de-Jong F. Effectiveness and acceptability of interventions to improve readability of patient healthcare materials: A narrative systematic review. Public Health 2025;248:105937 View
  6. Abeo A, Armstrong S, Scriney M, Goss H. Artificial Intelligence Techniques and Health Literacy: A Systematic Review. Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Digital Health 2025;3(4):100269 View
  7. Guo S, Yang C, Lin X, Jiang M, Chen J, Tuo K, Yang W, Wang Q, Jin X, Li P. Evaluating Artificial Intelligence-Generated Patient Education Materials for Bariatric Surgery: Comparative Analysis of Response Quality, Reliability, and Readability Across ChatGPT and DeepSeek Models. Obesity Surgery 2025;35(11):4628 View
  8. Koluman A, Çiftçi M, Çiftçi E, Çakmur B, Ziroğlu N. Balancing Accuracy and Readability: Comparative Evaluation of AI Chatbots for Patient Education on Rotator Cuff Tears. Healthcare 2025;13(21):2670 View
  9. Korkmaz Y, Aydın O, Güngör F, Kudaş İ, Sarigoz T, Bostanci O. ChatGPT and other large language models in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a multidimensional audit of reliability, quality, and readability. Surgical Endoscopy 2025 View
  10. Liu S, Su L, He Q, Qiu M, Liang R. Comparative evaluation of ChatGPT and Gemini in brain-computer interfaces patient education: A multi-dimensional analysis of reliability, accuracy, comprehensibility, and readability. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2026;206:106164 View
  11. Arslan H, Arslan K, Gün M, Karkın P, Arslanoğlu T. Evaluation of ChatGPT-5 responses in obstetric and gynecological emergencies: concordance, readability, and clinical reliability. BMC Emergency Medicine 2025;25(1) View
  12. Kachnowski S, Khan A, Floquet S, Whitlock K, Wisnivesky J, Neill D, Dankwa-Mullan I, Ortega G, Daoud M, Zaheer R, Hightower M, Rowe P. Achieving health equity in immune disease: leveraging big data and artificial intelligence in an evolving health system landscape. Frontiers in Big Data 2025;8 View
  13. Jiang X, Liu J, Dai S, Mao X, Cha R, Wu L. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Generative AI for the Creation of Patient Education Materials on Coronary Heart Disease: A Comparative Study. JMIR Formative Research 2025;9:e78816 View
  14. Khabaz K, Parekh Z, Saeed S, Krakauer M, Silas M, Farooq A, Shah H. Incorporating information retrieval into AI chatbots for patient education on thyroid eye disease. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2026;207:106213 View
  15. Humber J, Dick K, Ducharme R, Ramlawi S, Sugati F, Hawken S, Walker M. A comparison of patient information sheets for Gestational Diabetes created by large language models and health professionals. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 2025:103194 View

Conference Proceedings

  1. Ikemba C, Garg A, Asad M, Hewage P. 2025 12th International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (Trends and Future Directions) (ICRITO). Enhancing Health Literacy in Radiology Reports Using Large Language Models View