This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Chatbots and Conversational Agents (740) Artificial Intelligence (2129) Clinical Information and Decision Making (1915) Clinical Informatics (1325) Generative Language Models Including ChatGPT (708)

Published on in Vol 25 (2023)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/47479, first published .
Reliability of Medical Information Provided by ChatGPT: Assessment Against Clinical Guidelines and Patient Information Quality Instrument

Reliability of Medical Information Provided by ChatGPT: Assessment Against Clinical Guidelines and Patient Information Quality Instrument

Reliability of Medical Information Provided by ChatGPT: Assessment Against Clinical Guidelines and Patient Information Quality Instrument

Authors of this article:

Harriet Louise Walker1 Author Orcid Image ;   Shahi Ghani1 Author Orcid Image ;   Christoph Kuemmerli2 Author Orcid Image ;   Christian Andreas Nebiker3 Author Orcid Image ;   Beat Peter Müller2 Author Orcid Image ;   Dimitri Aristotle Raptis4 Author Orcid Image ;   Sebastian Manuel Staubli1, 2 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (232) Tweetations (21) Metrics

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  119. Bosco C, Shojaei F, Theisz A, Nguyen V, Song H, Han R, Osorio Torres J, Chheda D, Lin J, Peng X, Waseem N, Simpkins C, Cureton B, Himes A, Jessup N, Lu Y, Hendrie H, Barnes P, Hill C, Shih P. “I don’t see anything specifically about Black/African Americans.” Testing an Alzheimer-specific generative AI tool tailored for African American/Black communities. ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare 2025 View
  120. Adriansyah I, Wahyudi I, Vallasciani S, Elhout Y, Bhat A, Priyadarshi S, Ansari M, Raharja P, Abbas T. Evaluating the utility of ChatGPT in enhancing parental education and clinical support in hypospadias care. Journal of Pediatric Urology 2025;21(3):639 View
  121. Owens O, Leonard M. A Comparison of Prostate Cancer Screening Information Quality on Standard and Advanced Versions of ChatGPT, Google Gemini, and Microsoft Copilot: A Cross-Sectional Study. American Journal of Health Promotion 2025;39(5):766 View
  122. Mahedia M, Rohrich R, Sadiq K, Bailey L, Harrison L, Hallac R. Exploring the Utility of ChatGPT in Cleft Lip Repair Education. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2025;14(3):993 View
  123. Huo B, Boyle A, Marfo N, Tangamornsuksan W, Steen J, McKechnie T, Lee Y, Mayol J, Antoniou S, Thirunavukarasu A, Sanger S, Ramji K, Guyatt G. Large Language Models for Chatbot Health Advice Studies. JAMA Network Open 2025;8(2):e2457879 View
  124. Li A, Adelstein J, Li L, Sinkler M, Mistovich R. Assessing ChatGPT Responses to Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Pediatric Supracondylar Humerus Fractures. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 2025;45(6):327 View
  125. Megafu M, Guerrero O, Yendluri A, Parsons B, Galatz L, Li X, Kelly J, Parisien R. ChatGPT and Gemini Are Not Consistently Concordant With the 2020 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Clinical Practice Guidelines When Evaluating Rotator Cuff Injury. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery 2025;41(8):2753 View
  126. Shaw D, Lorenzini G, Arbelaez Ossa L, Eckstein J, Steiner L, Elger B. When and what patients need to know about AI in clinical care. Swiss Medical Weekly 2025;155(1):4013 View
  127. Lyu W, Zhang S, Chung T, Sun Y, Zhang Y. Understanding the practices, perceptions, and (dis)trust of generative AI among instructors: A mixed-methods study in the U.S. higher education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence 2025;8:100383 View
  128. Salman I, Ameer O, Khanfar M, Hsieh Y. Artificial intelligence in healthcare education: evaluating the accuracy of ChatGPT, Copilot, and Google Gemini in cardiovascular pharmacology. Frontiers in Medicine 2025;12 View
  129. Lawson McLean A, Hristidis V. Evidence-Based Analysis of AI Chatbots in Oncology Patient Education: Implications for Trust, Perceived Realness, and Misinformation Management. Journal of Cancer Education 2025;40(4):482 View
  130. Bracken A, Reilly C, Feeley A, Sheehan E, Merghani K, Feeley I. Artificial Intelligence (AI) – Powered Documentation Systems in Healthcare: A Systematic Review. Journal of Medical Systems 2025;49(1) View
  131. Gary A, Lai J, Locatelli E, Falcone M, Cavuoto K. Accuracy and Readability of ChatGPT Responses to Patient-Centric Strabismus Questions. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus 2025;62(3):220 View
  132. Langdon C, Haag O, Vigliano M, Levorato M, Leon-Ulate J, Adroher M. Transforming pediatric ENT documentation: Efficiency, accuracy, and adoption of speech recognition technology (Speaknosis). International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 2025;191:112275 View
  133. Pugliese N, Bertazzoni A, Hassan C, Schattenberg J, Aghemo A. Revolutionizing MASLD: How Artificial Intelligence Is Shaping the Future of Liver Care. Cancers 2025;17(5):722 View
  134. Plachý R, Krejčová L, Machoň V, Bujda M. Impact of Paper Information Leaflets on Dental Anxiety and Well-Being in Czech Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry 2025;15(1):69 View
  135. Sun Y, Pang H, Järvilehto L, Zhang O, Shapiro D, Korkman J, Haginoya S, Santtila P, Kocbek P. Comparing the performance of a large language model and naive human interviewers in interviewing children about a witnessed mock-event. PLOS ONE 2025;20(2):e0316317 View
  136. Altorfer F, Kelly M, Avrumova F, Rohatgi V, Zhu J, Bono C, Lebl D. The double-edged sword of generative AI: surpassing an expert or a deceptive “false friend”?. The Spine Journal 2025;25(8):1635 View
  137. Demirbaş K, Saygılı S, Yılmaz E, Gülmez R, Ağbaş A, Taşdemir M, Canpolat N. The Potential of ChatGPT as a Source of Information for Kidney Transplant Recipients and Their Caregivers. Pediatric Transplantation 2025;29(3) View
  138. Çıracıoğlu A, Dal Erdoğan S. Evaluation of the reliability, usefulness, quality and readability of ChatGPT’s responses on Scoliosis. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology 2025;35(1) View
  139. Li J, Yang Y, Chen R, Zheng D, Pang P, Lam C, Wong D, Wang Y, Wu J. Identifying healthcare needs with patient experience reviews using ChatGPT. PLOS ONE 2025;20(3):e0313442 View
  140. Anıl H, Kayra M. The digital dialogue on premature ejaculation: evaluating the efficacy of artificial intelligence-driven responses. International Urology and Nephrology 2025;57(9):2829 View
  141. Wu Y, Zhang Y, Xu M, Jinzhi C, Xue Y, Zheng Y. Effectiveness of various general large language models in clinical consensus and case analysis in dental implantology: a comparative study. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2025;25(1) View
  142. Abanmy N, Al-Ghreimil N, Alsabhan J, Al-Baity H, Aljadeed R. Evaluating the accuracy of ChatGPT in delivering patient instructions for medications: an exploratory case study. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 2025;8 View
  143. Yan Z, Liu J, Fan Y, Lu S, Xu D, Yang Y, Wang H, Mao J, Tseng H, Chang T, Chen Y. Ability of ChatGPT to Replace Doctors in Patient Education: Cross-Sectional Comparative Analysis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2025;27:e62857 View
  144. Aqavil-Jahromi S, Eftekhari M, Akbari H, Aligholi-Zahraie M. Evaluation of correctness and reliability of GPT, Bard, and Bing chatbots’ responses in basic life support scenarios. Scientific Reports 2025;15(1) View
  145. Cadiente A, Chen J, Kasselman L, Pilkington B. Large Language Models Take on the AAMC Situational Judgment Test: Evaluating Dilemma-Based Scenarios. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 2025 View
  146. Mao T, Zhao X, Jiang K, Xie Q, Yang M, Wang R, Gao F. A comparison of the responses between ChatGPT and doctors in the field of cholelithiasis based on clinical practice guidelines: a cross-sectional study. DIGITAL HEALTH 2025;11 View
  147. Kuru H, Aşık A, Demir D. Can Artificial Intelligence Language Models Effectively Address Dental Trauma Questions?. Dental Traumatology 2025;41(5):567 View
  148. Hasanefendic B, Pasic A, Duskan S, Sehercehajic E, Jazic Durmisevic A. ChatGPT Answers the 110-Question Laboratory Enzymology Student Exam: Pass or Fail?. Cureus 2025 View
  149. Deng M, He J, Miao J. Comparative analysis of AI models in disseminating genetic counseling knowledge for gynecologic cancers. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2025;170(3):1408 View
  150. Megafu M, Guerrero O, Hasan R, Hunt L, Langhelm D, Le B, Li X, Kelly R, Parisien R, Cusano A. Evaluating the perspectives of ChatGPT and Gemini on glenohumeral osteoarthritis management. JSES International 2025;9(4):1365 View
  151. Grilo A, Marques C, Corte-Real M, Carolino E, Caetano M. Assessing the Quality and Reliability of ChatGPT’s Responses to Radiotherapy-Related Patient Queries: Comparative Study With GPT-3.5 and GPT-4. JMIR Cancer 2025;11:e63677 View
  152. Esmailpour H, Rasaie V, Babaee Hemmati Y, Falahchai M. Performance of artificial intelligence chatbots in responding to the frequently asked questions of patients regarding dental prostheses. BMC Oral Health 2025;25(1) View
  153. Chen D, Avison K, Alnassar S, Huang R, Raman S. Medical accuracy of artificial intelligence chatbots in oncology: a scoping review. The Oncologist 2025;30(4) View
  154. Zou Y, Ye R, Gao Y, Zhou J, Li Y, Chen W, Zha F, Wang Y. Comparison of triage performance among DRP tool, ChatGPT, and outpatient rehabilitation doctors. Scientific Reports 2025;15(1) View
  155. Kaygisiz Ö, Teke M. Can deepseek and ChatGPT be used in the diagnosis of oral pathologies?. BMC Oral Health 2025;25(1) View
  156. Zhang L, Wang T, Zheng Y, Kong X, Hong G, Zang L. Assessment of ChatGPT’s adherence to evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for plantar fasciitis management. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research 2025;20(1) View
  157. Stephan D, Bertsch A, Schumacher S, Puladi B, Burwinkel M, Al-Nawas B, Kämmerer P, Thiem D. Improving Patient Communication by Simplifying AI-Generated Dental Radiology Reports With ChatGPT: Comparative Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2025;27:e73337 View
  158. Gurnani B, Kaur K, Gireesh P, Balakrishnan L, Mishra C. Evaluating the novel role of ChatGPT-4 in addressing corneal ulcer queries: An AI-powered insight. European Journal of Ophthalmology 2025;35(5):1531 View
  159. Binaljadm T, Alqutaibi A, Halboub E, Zafar M, Saker S. Artificial Intelligence Chatbots as Sources of Implant Dentistry Information for the Public: Validity and Reliability Assessment. European Journal of Dentistry 2025 View
  160. Wang J, Du P, Zhao Z, Luo W, Yu Z, Yuan L. GAGPT and Its Application to the Interactive Learning of Geometric Algebra. Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras 2025;35(3) View
  161. Li Z, Yan C, Cao Y, Gong A, Li F, Zeng R. Evaluating performance of large language models for atrial fibrillation management using different prompting strategies and languages. Scientific Reports 2025;15(1) View
  162. Zeller N, Shah A, Van Heest A, Bohn D. Assessing Accuracy of Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer’s Responses to Common Patient Questions Regarding Congenital Upper Limb Differences. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online 2025;7(4):100764 View
  163. Peng W, Cheng X, Deng J, Zhang X. ChatGPT Applications in Nursing: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Nursing Open 2025;12(6) View
  164. Kayra M, Anil H, Ozdogan I, Baradia S, Toksoz S. Evaluating AI chatbots in penis enhancement information: a comparative analysis of readability, reliability and quality. International Journal of Impotence Research 2025;37(7):558 View
  165. Gurbuz S, Bahar H, Yavuz U, Keskin A, Karslioglu B, Solak Y. Comparative Efficacy of ChatGPT and DeepSeek in Addressing Patient Queries on Gonarthrosis and Total Knee Arthroplasty. Arthroplasty Today 2025;33:101730 View
  166. Solomon T, Laye M, Ahmed S. The sports nutrition knowledge of large language model (LLM) artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots: An assessment of accuracy, completeness, clarity, quality of evidence, and test-retest reliability. PLOS One 2025;20(6):e0325982 View
  167. Ding G, Liu Z, Li S, Cao J, Ye Z. Impact of mindset types and social community compositions on opinion dynamics: A large language model-based multi-agent simulation study. Computers in Human Behavior 2025;172:108730 View
  168. Rebitschek F, Carella A, Kohlrausch-Pazin S, Zitzmann M, Steckelberg A, Wilhelm C. Evaluating evidence-based health information from generative AI using a cross-sectional study with laypeople seeking screening information. npj Digital Medicine 2025;8(1) View
  169. Alkalbani A, Alrawahi A, Salah A, Haghighi V, Zhang Y, Alkindi S, Sheng Q. A Systematic Review of Large Language Models in Medical Specialties: Applications, Challenges and Future Directions. Information 2025;16(6):489 View
  170. Moghavvemi S, Jam F. Unraveling the influential factors driving persistent adoption of ChatGPT in learning environments. Education and Information Technologies 2025;30(15):22443 View
  171. Mac Oscar M, Boland M, Cadogan C. An assessment of generative artificial intelligence in responding to clinical queries on tapering antidepressants. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 2025;21(11):924 View
  172. Choi W, Ahn B, Moorthy G, Do K. AI-assisted care for older adults: a review of practical and ethical areas of concern. AI and Ethics 2025;5(5):4681 View
  173. Alharbi L, Alrashoud R, Alotaibi B, Al Dera A, Alajlan R, AlHuthail R, Alessa D. Using Artificial Intelligence ChatGPT to Access Medical Information About Chemical Eye Injuries: Comparative Study. JMIR Formative Research 2025;9:e73642 View
  174. Motegi M, Shino M, Kuwabara M, Takahashi H, Matsuyama T, Tada H, Hagiwara H, Chikamatsu K. Comparison of physician and large language model chatbot responses to online ear, nose, and throat inquiries. Scientific Reports 2025;15(1) View
  175. Wu H, Yao S, Bao H, Guo Y, Xu C, Ma J. ChatGPT-4.0 and DeepSeek-R1 does not yet provide clinically supported answers for knee osteoarthritis. The Knee 2025;56:386 View
  176. Zhang A, Chen J. AI-driven network biology identifies SRC as a therapeutic target in metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Intelligent Oncology 2025;1(3):233 View
  177. Lim J, Hong N. Perceived Search Overload, Generative AI Credibility, and Comparative Usefulness: A Channel Complementarity Approach to Health Information Seeking. Health & New Media Research 2025;9(1):124 View
  178. Lund B, Mannuru N, katta M, Hota S, Pamukuntla A, Uppala S, Kola S, Mannuru A. Bringing Artificial Intelligence (AI) into Health Information Seeking Behavior: A Study of AI and Information Seeking Research. Journal of Health Communication 2025:1 View
  179. Cao H, Hao C, Zhang T, Zheng X, Gao Z, Wu J, Gan L, Liu Y, Zeng X, Wang W. Battle of the artificial intelligence: a comprehensive comparative analysis of DeepSeek and ChatGPT for urinary incontinence-related questions. Frontiers in Public Health 2025;13 View
  180. Aydin C, Duygu O, Karakas A, Er E, Gokmen G, Ozturk A, Govsa F. Clinical Failure of General-Purpose AI in Photographic Scoliosis Assessment: A Diagnostic Accuracy Study. Medicina 2025;61(8):1342 View
  181. Pal A, Wangmo T, Bharadia T, Ahmed-Richards M, Bhanderi M, Kachhadiya R, Allemann S, Elger B. Generative AI/LLMs for Plain Language Medical Information for Patients, Caregivers and General Public: Opportunities, Risks and Ethics. Patient Preference and Adherence 2025;Volume 19:2227 View
  182. Balduzzi A, Pastena M, Tondato S, Gronchi F, Dall’Olio T, Malleo G, Pea A, Paiella S, Salvia R. Exploring chatbot applications in pancreatic disease treatment: potential and pitfalls. Artificial Intelligence Surgery 2025;5(3):377 View
  183. Wang T, Chen R, Wang B, Zou C, Fan N, Yuan S, Wang A, Xi Y, Zang L. Evaluating the Performance of State-of-the-Art Artificial Intelligence Chatbots Based on the WHO Global Guidelines for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection: Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2025;27:e75567 View
  184. Bhatia D, Kim M, Romoff M, Timm A, Mills E, Wu H, Hashmi S, Park D, Lee Y. Perceived Accuracy of Spine-Related Medical Advice From ChatGPT, TikTok, and the North American Spine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines. Cureus 2025 View
  185. Read R, Lukies M. The Quality of Information Produced by ChatGPT About Conditions Managed by Interventional Radiologists. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology 2025;69(7):715 View
  186. Atahan M, Üner Ç, Aydemir M, Uzun M, Yalın M, Gölgelioğlu F. Is Readability a Proxy for Reliability? A Qualitative Evaluation of ChatGPT‐4.0 in Orthopaedic Trauma Communication. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2025;31(5) View
  187. Mahmoudi Ghehsareh M, Asri N, Azizmohammad Looha M, Sadeghi A, Ciacci C, Rostami-Nejad M. Expert evaluation of ChatGPT accuracy and reliability for basic celiac disease frequently asked questions. Scientific Reports 2025;15(1) View
  188. Barry M, Haque A, Jan M. Determinants of Consumers’ Intention to Use Mobile Commerce: DeLone and McLean Perspective. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting 2025;33(1):187 View
  189. Erdat E, Yalçıner M, Utkan G. Readability and Quality Analysis of ChatGPT o1’s Responses on Colorectal Cancer: A Study of an AI Language Model. Acta Haematologica Oncologica Turcica 2025 View
  190. Guo S, Song Y, Chen G, Han H, Wu H, Ma J. Promoting trust and intention to adopt health information generated by ChatGPT among healthcare customers: An empirical study. DIGITAL HEALTH 2025;11 View
  191. Shao X, Ruan T, Ju X, Sun Y, Cui J. Evaluating artificial intelligence chatbots’ responses to gynecomastia inquiries: Comparative study of information quality, readability, and guideline consistency. DIGITAL HEALTH 2025;11 View
  192. Pereira D, Guisse N, Siddabattula R, Perugini J, Hosseinzadeh P. From algorithms to answers: a comparative analysis of popular search engines and large language models on clubfoot patient education. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics B 2025 View
  193. Peng X, Cai Y, Hu D, Guo Y, Liu H, Wu X, Hu Q. Assessing the influence of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) on awareness and behavior in medical research integrity: An online survey study. Accountability in Research 2025:1 View
  194. Zhao W, Xia D, Ye Z, Lai H, Sun M, Huang J, Liu J, Liu J, Ge L. From Evidence to Recommendations With Large Language Models: A Feasibility Study. Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine 2025;18(3) View
  195. Gurbuz S, Karslioglu B, Keskin A, Igde N, Ayaz M, Imren Y. Comparative Efficacy of ChatGPT and Gemini in Addressing Patient Queries on Gonarthrosis and Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of Knee Surgery 2025 View
  196. Cherrez-Ojeda I, Frye B, Hoheisel A, Cortes-Telles A, Robles-Velasco K, Mateos-Toledo H, Figueiredo R, Ryerson C, Rodas-Valero G, Calderón J. Evaluation of large language model-generated medical information on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 2025;8 View
  197. Jeon S, Lee S, Kim E, Eun J, Lee K, Lim H, Lee J. Generative AI Chatbot for Diabetes Management: Formative 2-Part Qualitative Study Using DTalksBot Involving Patients and Clinicians. JMIR Formative Research 2025;9:e72553 View
  198. Najdi J, Alameddine B, Armache A, Zein M, Azar W, El-Hajj A. Assessment of the validity of ChatGPT-3.5 responses to patient-generated queries following BPH surgery. Scientific Reports 2025;15(1) View
  199. Tayman M. Validity and Reliability of Responses to Periodontology Questions by 4 Different Artificial Intelligence Chatbots as Public Information Sources. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 2025;28(3):390 View
  200. Hu M, Zou P, Li T, Wang Y, Liu B. Evaluating the quality of ChatGPT-generated medical information on major ophthalmic conditions: A comparative assessment against the EQIP tool and guidelines. PLOS One 2025;20(10):e0334250 View
  201. Su Z, Wang Z, Wang S, Ni M, Hu J, Wang R, Yang J, Bai Y, Xu Y, Di S, Xu Y, Wang Z, Chen Z, Ortega-Usobiaga J, Wang M, Jiang X, Chen Y, Dai W, Chen J, Li K. Predicting Intraocular Collamer Lens Vault in Myopic Patients With Shallow Anterior Chamber Using FedEYE Platform and ChatGPT. Translational Vision Science & Technology 2025;14(10):20 View
  202. Ohlsen S, Pirkle S, Yang J, Gee A. Do ChatGPT and Gemini Provide Appropriate Recommendations for Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Isolated Meniscal Injuries?. Cureus 2025 View
  203. García-Rudolph A, Hernandez-Pena E, del Cacho N, Teixidó-Font C, Wright M, Opisso E. GPT-4o in Nutrition for Inpatients Undergoing Post-Stroke Rehabilitation: Identifying Dietary Errors, Exploring Expert-AI Rationale Differences, and Structuring AI-Expert Collaboration. Journal of the American Nutrition Association 2025:1 View
  204. Herbert D, Westendorf J, Farmer M, Reeder B. Generative AI-Derived Information About Opioid Use Disorder Treatment During Pregnancy: An Exploratory Evaluation of GPT-4’s Steerability for Provision of Trustworthy Person-Centered Information. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2025;86(6):894 View
  205. Yu F, Peng X, Calson R. Paradigm Shift in Online Health Information Search in the Era of Generative AI? – A Bibliometric Literature Survey and Sentiment Analysis. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology 2025;62(1):821 View
  206. Wang H, Shan W, Liu R, Wang Z. Can large language models serve as digital assistants for medical undergraduates? – A bibliometric mapping and scoping analysis of the medical-education literature. DIGITAL HEALTH 2025;11 View
  207. Panni U, Donald C, Blatnik J, Williams M, Yu J, Wise P. Evaluating the Quality of AI-Written Scenarios for Virtual Oral Surgical Board Preparatory Examination. Journal of Surgical Education 2025;82(12):103736 View
  208. Dymm B, Khalid A. Artificial Intelligence in Neurology and Stroke Education: Current Applications and Future Directions. Seminars in Neurology 2025 View
  209. Pourhoseingholi M, Killan C, Rafiee S, Hoare D, Wray N, Bateman P. Validity, reliability, and readability of Artificial Intelligence chatbots as public sources of information on hearing loss: a comparative evaluation of ChatGPT, Bing, Gemini, and Perplexity. International Journal of Audiology 2025:1 View
  210. Waqas M, Hasan S, Ali A. Effectiveness of Generative AI Tools in Computer Science and Engineering Education. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 2025 View
  211. Tajsic S, Stjern-Vik I, Meknas D, Bruusgaard M. Use of and confidence in YouTube and ChatGPT in surgical teaching and training. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  212. Liu S, Su L, He Q, Qiu M, Liang R. Comparative evaluation of ChatGPT and Gemini in brain-computer interfaces patient education: A multi-dimensional analysis of reliability, accuracy, comprehensibility, and readability. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2026;206:106164 View
  213. Petrou E, Ormond K, Stammbach D, Ash E, Buchholz O, Vayena E. Evaluating GPT-4’s ability to generate informed consent material for genetic testing. npj Artificial Intelligence 2025;1(1) View
  214. Sezen A, Şahin Özdemir M, Özdemir Y. Comparative Evaluation of ChatGPT and Gemini in Answering Questions on Vaccines and Immunization. Genel Tıp Dergisi 2025;35(5):1011 View
  215. Safadi S, Amirahmadi R, Tlimat A, Rovinski R, Sun J, Lee B, Seam N, Staitieh B, Clark B, Patel C, Woods C, Chu D, Patel D, Kalehoff J, Hawkins K, Safadi S, Zaeh S, Maximous S, Holden V. Quality of Human Expert vs Large Language Model-Generated Multiple-Choice Questions in the Field of Mechanical Ventilation. CHEST 2025 View
  216. XU X, LI H, GUAN Z, ZENG D, ZHENG Q, QIN Y, WEN Y, LI H, LIM C, Yin WONG T, WU E, JIA W, SHENG B. Urgent needs, opportunities and challenges of virtual reality in healthcare and medicine in the era of large language models. Virtual Reality & Intelligent Hardware 2025;7(5):453 View
  217. Ruan J, Tang Y, Wei Z, Xing W, Hu Y. Nurses’ Perspectives on Evidence Dissemination Barriers and Large Language Model–Based Support: Qualitative Study Using Focus Groups and Nominal Group Technique. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2025;27:e80289 View
  218. Hoang Y, Chen S, Chang C, Lin A, Nguyen T, Hung L, Hoang T, Ho D, Lin W, Yao C, Handayani D, Chang J. Trust Predicts Actual Use of AI Chatbot as a Virtual Nutrition Assistant Among Dietetic Students in Taiwan: A Path Analysis. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2025;38(6) View
  219. Szydlak R, Kiyak Y, Hege I, Górski S, Linglart L, Shchudrova T, Torre D, Kononowicz A. ChatGPT versus human authors: A comparative study of concept maps for clinical reasoning training with virtual patients. Medical Teacher 2025:1 View
  220. Hajjo R, Sabbah D, Bardaweel S. ChatGPT vs. DeepSeek: A Comparative Analysis of AI Models for Breast Cancer Information Retrieval (Preprint). JMIR Cancer 2025 View
  221. Grace B, Zhu J, Dudakia H, Ajao-Rotimi F, Colton N. Ctrl + Alt + Conceive: fertility awareness in the age of Artificial Intelligence, how do large language models compare?. Human Fertility 2025;28(1) View
  222. Zeno A, Caetano B, Magno M, Risso P, Maia L. Assessment of Dental Trauma Content Generated by Three Artificial Intelligence Tools Using the Traumatic Dental Injuries Questionnaire: A Cross-Sectional Study. Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada 2026;26 View
  223. Heinz M, Hakam H, Salzmann M, Prill R, Ramadanov N. Assessing the Quality and Accuracy of ChatGPT-3.5 Responses to Patient Questions About Hip Arthroscopy. Medicina 2025;61(12):2080 View
  224. Suraya Mohd Dan A, Linoby A, Shahlan Kasim S, Zaki S, Sazali R, Yusoff Y, Nasir Z, Haziq Abidin A. Validation of a personalized AI prompt generator (NExGEN-ChatGPT) for obesity management using fuzzy Delphi method. Biology Methods and Protocols 2025;10(1) View
  225. Schroeder A, Tran Z, Sexton K, Salzberg A. Clinician’s Guide to Artificial Intelligence. Medical Clinics of North America 2025 View

Books/Policy Documents

  1. Chen Z, Zhao X, Hua M, Xu J. HCI International 2024 – Late Breaking Papers. View
  2. Sanpablo A, Peñaloza A. XLVII Mexican Conference on Biomedical Engineering. View
  3. Xie Z, Balatsoukas P, Maguire M, Morris A. Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management. View
  4. Johnson H, Beck R, Li W, Pateman A, Sediqi K. Artificial Intelligence in HCI. View
  5. Mukisa R, Matovu R. Intelligent Computing. View

Conference Proceedings

  1. Zakaria Y, Ishiyama R, Ishidera E, Matsui T, Yasumoto K. 2024 IEEE International Conference on Visual Communications and Image Processing (VCIP). Fast Retrieval of Pharmaceutical Packaging Images Using Keypoint Matching with Angle and Scale Voting for Outlier Rejection View
  2. Panagiotopoulos F, Chatzis V. Proceedings of the 28th Pan-Hellenic Conference on Progress in Computing and Informatics. The Role of ChatGPT in Modern Human Resource Management: A Decision Support Perspective for Human Resource Allocation Problems View