This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Artificial Intelligence (1739) Chatbots and Conversational Agents (633) Registered Report (675) Digital Health Reviews (1524)

Published on in Vol 22, No 10 (2020): October

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/20346, first published .
The Effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence Conversational Agents in Health Care: Systematic Review

The Effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence Conversational Agents in Health Care: Systematic Review

The Effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence Conversational Agents in Health Care: Systematic Review

Authors of this article:

Madison Milne-Ives1 Author Orcid Image ;   Caroline de Cock1 Author Orcid Image ;   Ernest Lim2, 3 Author Orcid Image ;   Melissa Harper Shehadeh4 Author Orcid Image ;   Nick de Pennington3, 5 Author Orcid Image ;   Guy Mole3, 5 Author Orcid Image ;   Eduardo Normando2 Author Orcid Image ;   Edward Meinert1, 6, 7 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (284) Tweetations (16) Metrics

Journals

  1. Kataoka Y, Takemura T, Sasajima M, Katoh N. Development and Early Feasibility of Chatbots for Educating Patients With Lung Cancer and Their Caregivers in Japan: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Cancer 2021;7(1):e26911 View
  2. Lee H, Kang J, Yeo J. Medical Specialty Recommendations by an Artificial Intelligence Chatbot on a Smartphone: Development and Deployment. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2021;23(5):e27460 View
  3. Mokmin N, Ibrahim N. The evaluation of chatbot as a tool for health literacy education among undergraduate students. Education and Information Technologies 2021;26(5):6033 View
  4. Martinengo L, Lo N, Goh W, Tudor Car L. Choice of Behavioral Change Techniques in Health Care Conversational Agents: Protocol for a Scoping Review. JMIR Research Protocols 2021;10(7):e30166 View
  5. He L, Balaji D, Wiers R, Antheunis M, Krahmer E. Effectiveness and Acceptability of Conversational Agents for Smoking Cessation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 2023;25(7):1241 View
  6. Sobhanian P, Shafizad M, Karami S, Mozaffari F, Arab A, Razani G, Shafiekhani P, Safari S. Artificial Intelligence Applications in Clinical Neurosurgery. Precision Medicine and Clinical OMICS 2022;2(1) View
  7. Lahat A, Klang E. Can advanced technologies help address the global increase in demand for specialized medical care and improve telehealth services?. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2024;30(9):1516 View
  8. van Bussel M, Odekerken–Schröder G, Ou C, Swart R, Jacobs M. Analyzing the determinants to accept a virtual assistant and use cases among cancer patients: a mixed methods study. BMC Health Services Research 2022;22(1) View
  9. Curtis R, Bartel B, Ferguson T, Blake H, Northcott C, Virgara R, Maher C. Improving User Experience of Virtual Health Assistants: Scoping Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2021;23(12):e31737 View
  10. Wang H, Gupta S, Singhal A, Muttreja P, Singh S, Sharma P, Piterova A. An Artificial Intelligence Chatbot for Young People’s Sexual and Reproductive Health in India (SnehAI): Instrumental Case Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2022;24(1):e29969 View
  11. Chew H, Achananuparp P. Perceptions and Needs of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care to Increase Adoption: Scoping Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2022;24(1):e32939 View
  12. Pithpornchaiyakul S, Naorungroj S, Pupong K, Hunsrisakhun J. Using a Chatbot as an Alternative Approach for In-Person Toothbrushing Training During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Comparative Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2022;24(10):e39218 View
  13. Woo J, Kim E, Kim S. The current status of breakthrough devices designation in the United States and innovative medical devices designation in Korea for digital health software. Expert Review of Medical Devices 2022;19(3):213 View
  14. Kung T, Cheatham M, Medenilla A, Sillos C, De Leon L, Elepaño C, Madriaga M, Aggabao R, Diaz-Candido G, Maningo J, Tseng V, Dagan A. Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: Potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models. PLOS Digital Health 2023;2(2):e0000198 View
  15. Musbahi O, Syed L, Le Feuvre P, Cobb J, Jones G. Public patient views of artificial intelligence in healthcare: A nominal group technique study. DIGITAL HEALTH 2021;7 View
  16. Tanaka H, Nakamura S. The Acceptability of Virtual Characters as Social Skills Trainers: Usability Study. JMIR Human Factors 2022;9(1):e35358 View
  17. Huq S, Maskeliūnas R, Damaševičius R. Dialogue agents for artificial intelligence-based conversational systems for cognitively disabled: a systematic review. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology 2024;19(3):1059 View
  18. Sagstad M, Morken N, Lund A, Dingsør L, Nilsen A, Sorbye L. Quantitative User Data From a Chatbot Developed for Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Observational Study. JMIR Formative Research 2022;6(4):e28091 View
  19. Martinengo L, Jabir A, Goh W, Lo N, Ho M, Kowatsch T, Atun R, Michie S, Tudor Car L. Conversational Agents in Health Care: Scoping Review of Their Behavior Change Techniques and Underpinning Theory. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2022;24(10):e39243 View
  20. Khavandi S, Lim E, Higham A, de Pennington N, Bindra M, Maling S, Adams M, Mole G. User-acceptability of an automated telephone call for post-operative follow-up after uncomplicated cataract surgery. Eye 2023;37(10):2069 View
  21. Rahmanti A, Yang H, Bintoro B, Nursetyo A, Muhtar M, Syed-Abdul S, Li Y. SlimMe, a Chatbot With Artificial Empathy for Personal Weight Management: System Design and Finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 2022;9 View
  22. Wilson L, Marasoiu M. The Development and Use of Chatbots in Public Health: Scoping Review. JMIR Human Factors 2022;9(4):e35882 View
  23. Hong G, Smith M, Lin S. The AI Will See You Now: Feasibility and Acceptability of a Conversational AI Medical Interviewing System. JMIR Formative Research 2022;6(6):e37028 View
  24. Santini S, Stara V, Galassi F, Merizzi A, Schneider C, Schwammer S, Stolte E, Kropf J. User Requirements Analysis of an Embodied Conversational Agent for Coaching Older Adults to Choose Active and Healthy Ageing Behaviors during the Transition to Retirement: A Cross-National User Centered Design Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021;18(18):9681 View
  25. Li X, Xie S, Ye Z, Ma S, Yu G. Investigating Patients' Continuance Intention Toward Conversational Agents in Outpatient Departments: Cross-sectional Field Survey. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2022;24(11):e40681 View
  26. Chaurasiya H. Cognitive Hexagon-Controlled Intelligent Speech Interaction System. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems 2022;14(4):1413 View
  27. Boucher E, Harake N, Ward H, Stoeckl S, Vargas J, Minkel J, Parks A, Zilca R. Artificially intelligent chatbots in digital mental health interventions: a review. Expert Review of Medical Devices 2021;18(sup1):37 View
  28. Dhinagaran D, Martinengo L, Ho M, Joty S, Kowatsch T, Atun R, Tudor Car L. Designing, Developing, Evaluating, and Implementing a Smartphone-Delivered, Rule-Based Conversational Agent (DISCOVER): Development of a Conceptual Framework. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2022;10(10):e38740 View
  29. Chuang T, Cheng W, Chiu Y, Fan Y, Chi C, Chang C, Liao C. Free interactive counselling program in a mobile communication application for improving health education on indwelling ureteric stents after ureterorenoscopic lithotripsy: An observational study. DIGITAL HEALTH 2022;8:205520762211177 View
  30. Abbasgholizadeh Rahimi S, Légaré F, Sharma G, Archambault P, Zomahoun H, Chandavong S, Rheault N, T Wong S, Langlois L, Couturier Y, Salmeron J, Gagnon M, Légaré J. Application of Artificial Intelligence in Community-Based Primary Health Care: Systematic Scoping Review and Critical Appraisal. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2021;23(9):e29839 View
  31. Aggarwal A, Tam C, Wu D, Li X, Qiao S. Artificial Intelligence–Based Chatbots for Promoting Health Behavioral Changes: Systematic Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e40789 View
  32. Woodcock C, Mittelstadt B, Busbridge D, Blank G. The Impact of Explanations on Layperson Trust in Artificial Intelligence–Driven Symptom Checker Apps: Experimental Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2021;23(11):e29386 View
  33. Oh Y, Zhang J, Fang M, Fukuoka Y. A systematic review of artificial intelligence chatbots for promoting physical activity, healthy diet, and weight loss. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2021;18(1) View
  34. Boumans R, van de Sande Y, Thill S, Bosse T. Voice-Enabled Intelligent Virtual Agents for People With Amnesia: Systematic Review. JMIR Aging 2022;5(2):e32473 View
  35. Luca S, Clausen M, Shaw A, Lee W, Krishnapillai S, Adi-Wauran E, Faghfoury H, Costain G, Jobling R, Aronson M, Liston E, Silver J, Shuman C, Chad L, Hayeems R, Bombard Y, Bernier F, Brudno M, Carroll J, Cohn R, Dhalla I, Friedman J, Hewson S, Jamieson T, Kodida R, Laberge A, Lerner-Ellis J, Mamdani M, Marshall C, Osmond M, Pham Q, Reble E, Rudzicz F, Seto E, Shastri-Estrada S, Smith M, Thorpe K, Ungar W. Finding the sweet spot: a qualitative study exploring patients’ acceptability of chatbots in genetic service delivery. Human Genetics 2023;142(3):321 View
  36. Cavalcanti A, do Nascimento J, Roque G, de Souza R, Queiroz S, Correa J. A Virtual Assistant in Vaccine Pharmacovigilance. CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing 2023;41(7):482 View
  37. Laranjo L, Shaw T, Trivedi R, Thomas S, Charlston E, Klimis H, Thiagalingam A, Kumar S, Tan T, Nguyen T, Marschner S, Chow C. Coordinating Health Care With Artificial Intelligence–Supported Technology for Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2022;11(4):e34470 View
  38. Skov S, Andersen J, Lauridsen S, Bab M, Bundsbæk M, Nielsen M. Designing a conversational agent to promote teamwork and collaborative practices using design thinking: An explorative study on user experiences. Frontiers in Psychology 2022;13 View
  39. To Q, Green C, Vandelanotte C. Feasibility, Usability, and Effectiveness of a Machine Learning–Based Physical Activity Chatbot: Quasi-Experimental Study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2021;9(11):e28577 View
  40. Rodriguez‐Arrastia M, Martinez‐Ortigosa A, Ruiz‐Gonzalez C, Ropero‐Padilla C, Roman P, Sanchez‐Labraca N. Experiences and perceptions of final‐year nursing students of using a chatbot in a simulated emergency situation: A qualitative study. Journal of Nursing Management 2022;30(8):3874 View
  41. Hwang G, Chang P, Tseng W, Chou C, Wu C, Tu Y. Research Trends in Artificial Intelligence-Associated Nursing Activities Based on a Review of Academic Studies Published From 2001 to 2020. CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing 2022;40(12):814 View
  42. Hayakawa M, Watanabe O, Shiga K, Fujishita M, Yamaki C, Ogo Y, Takahashi T, Ikeguchi Y, Takayama T. Exploring types of conversational agents for resolving cancer patients’ questions and concerns: Analysis of 100 telephone consultations on breast cancer. Patient Education and Counseling 2023;106:75 View
  43. Chua J, Choolani M, Chee C, Chan Y, Lalor J, Chong Y, Shorey S. Insights of Parents and Parents‐To‐Be in Using Chatbots to Improve Their Preconception, Pregnancy, and Postpartum Health: A Mixed Studies Review. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 2023;68(4):480 View
  44. D'Amico R, White T, Shah H, Langer D. I Asked a ChatGPT to Write an Editorial About How We Can Incorporate Chatbots Into Neurosurgical Research and Patient Care…. Neurosurgery 2023;92(4):663 View
  45. McNiven B, Wu T, Brown A. Novel Telephone-Based Interactive Voice Response System for Incident Reporting. The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 2021;47(12):809 View
  46. Saiyed A, Layton J, Borsari B, Cheng J, Kanzaveli T, Tsvetovat M, Satterfield J. Technology-Assisted Motivational Interviewing: Developing a Scalable Framework for Promoting Engagement with Tobacco Cessation Using NLP and Machine Learning. Procedia Computer Science 2022;206:121 View
  47. Bilquise G, Ibrahim S, Shaalan K, Yan Z. Emotionally Intelligent Chatbots: A Systematic Literature Review. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies 2022;2022:1 View
  48. Terry A, Kueper J, Beleno R, Brown J, Cejic S, Dang J, Leger D, McKay S, Meredith L, Pinto A, Ryan B, Stewart M, Zwarenstein M, Lizotte D. Is primary health care ready for artificial intelligence? What do primary health care stakeholders say?. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2022;22(1) View
  49. Dingler T, Kwasnicka D, Wei J, Gong E, Oldenburg B. The Use and Promise of Conversational Agents in Digital Health. Yearbook of Medical Informatics 2021;30(01):191 View
  50. Baxter S, Saseendrakumar B, Cheung M, Savides T, Longhurst C, Sinsky C, Millen M, Tai-Seale M. Association of Electronic Health Record Inbasket Message Characteristics With Physician Burnout. JAMA Network Open 2022;5(11):e2244363 View
  51. Motger Q, Franch X, Marco J. Software-Based Dialogue Systems: Survey, Taxonomy, and Challenges. ACM Computing Surveys 2023;55(5):1 View
  52. Briggs L, Labban M, Alkhatib K, Nguyen D, Cole A, Trinh Q. Digital technologies in cancer care: a review from the clinician's perspective. Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research 2022;11(7):533 View
  53. Huang R, Li H, Suomi R, Li C, Peltoniemi T. Intelligent Physical Robots in Health Care: Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e39786 View
  54. Martinez-Millana A, Saez-Saez A, Tornero-Costa R, Azzopardi-Muscat N, Traver V, Novillo-Ortiz D. Artificial intelligence and its impact on the domains of universal health coverage, health emergencies and health promotion: An overview of systematic reviews. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2022;166:104855 View
  55. Rebelo N, Sanders L, Li K, Chow J. Learning the Treatment Process in Radiotherapy Using an Artificial Intelligence–Assisted Chatbot: Development Study. JMIR Formative Research 2022;6(12):e39443 View
  56. MacNeill A, MacNeill L, Doucet S, Luke A. Professional representation of conversational agents for health care: a scoping review protocol. JBI Evidence Synthesis 2022;20(2):666 View
  57. Budler L, Gosak L, Stiglic G. Review of artificial intelligence‐based question‐answering systems in healthcare. WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 2023;13(2) View
  58. Daniel T, de Chevigny A, Champrigaud A, Valette J, Sitbon M, Jardin M, Chevalier D, Renet S. Answering Hospital Caregivers’ Questions at Any Time: Proof-of-Concept Study of an Artificial Intelligence–Based Chatbot in a French Hospital. JMIR Human Factors 2022;9(4):e39102 View
  59. Nadarzynski T, Puentes V, Pawlak I, Mendes T, Montgomery I, Bayley J, Ridge D, Newman C. Barriers and facilitators to engagement with artificial intelligence (AI)-based chatbots for sexual and reproductive health advice: a qualitative analysis. Sexual Health 2021;18(5):385 View
  60. Martinengo L, Lum E, Car J. Evaluation of chatbot-delivered interventions for self-management of depression: Content analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders 2022;319:598 View
  61. Pakkasjärvi N, Luthra T, Anand S. Artificial Intelligence in Surgical Learning. Surgeries 2023;4(1):86 View
  62. Hannah L, Walsh C, Jopling L, Perez J, Cardinal R, Cameron R. Economic evaluation of interventions for treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2023;14 View
  63. Vishwakarma L, Singh R, Mishra R, Kumari A. Application of artificial intelligence for resilient and sustainable healthcare system: systematic literature review and future research directions. International Journal of Production Research 2025;63(2):822 View
  64. Herrmann B. The perception of artificial-intelligence (AI) based synthesized speech in younger and older adults. International Journal of Speech Technology 2023;26(2):395 View
  65. Marciano L, Saboor S. Reinventing mental health care in youth through mobile approaches: Current status and future steps. Frontiers in Psychology 2023;14 View
  66. Dolata M, Katsiuba D, Wellnhammer N, Schwabe G. Learning with Digital Agents: An Analysis based on the Activity Theory. Journal of Management Information Systems 2023;40(1):56 View
  67. Dwyer T, Hoit G, Burns D, Higgins J, Chang J, Whelan D, Kiroplis I, Chahal J. Use of an Artificial Intelligence Conversational Agent (Chatbot) for Hip Arthroscopy Patients Following Surgery. Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation 2023;5(2):e495 View
  68. Lahat A, Shachar E, Avidan B, Shatz Z, Glicksberg B, Klang E. Evaluating the use of large language model in identifying top research questions in gastroenterology. Scientific Reports 2023;13(1) View
  69. Rambaud K, van Woerden S, Palumbo L, Salvi C, Smallwood C, Rockenschaub G, Okoliyski M, Marinova L, Fomaidi G, Djalalova M, Faruqui N, Melo Bianco V, Mosquera M, Spasov I, Totskaya Y. Building a Chatbot in a Pandemic. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e42960 View
  70. Li Y, Liang S, Zhu B, Liu X, Li J, Chen D, Qin J, Bressington D. Feasibility and effectiveness of artificial intelligence-driven conversational agents in healthcare interventions: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2023;143:104494 View
  71. Pang J, Xiu W, Ma X. Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognostic Evaluation of Mediastinal Malignant Tumors. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2023;12(8):2818 View
  72. Thirunavukarasu A, Hassan R, Mahmood S, Sanghera R, Barzangi K, El Mukashfi M, Shah S. Trialling a Large Language Model (ChatGPT) in General Practice With the Applied Knowledge Test: Observational Study Demonstrating Opportunities and Limitations in Primary Care. JMIR Medical Education 2023;9:e46599 View
  73. Liu C, Zowghi D, Peng G, Kong S. Information quality of conversational agents in healthcare. Information Development 2023 View
  74. Gottlieb M, Kline J, Schneider A, Coates W. ChatGPT and conversational artificial intelligence: Friend, foe, or future of research?. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 2023;70:81 View
  75. Langevin R, Berry A, Zhang J, Fockele C, Anderson L, Hsieh D, Hartzler A, Duber H, Hsieh G. Implementation Fidelity of Chatbot Screening for Social Needs: Acceptability, Feasibility, Appropriateness. Applied Clinical Informatics 2023;14(02):374 View
  76. Giansanti D. The Chatbots Are Invading Us: A Map Point on the Evolution, Applications, Opportunities, and Emerging Problems in the Health Domain. Life 2023;13(5):1130 View
  77. Mair J, Castro O, Salamanca-Sanabria A, Frese B, von Wangenheim F, Tai E, Kowatsch T, Müller-Riemenschneider F. Exploring the potential of mobile health interventions to address behavioural risk factors for the prevention of non-communicable diseases in Asian populations: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2023;23(1) View
  78. Liaw W, Ramos Silva Y, Soltero E, Krist A, Stotts A. An Assessment of How Clinicians and Staff Members Use a Diabetes Artificial Intelligence Prediction Tool: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR AI 2023;2:e45032 View
  79. Görtz M, Baumgärtner K, Schmid T, Muschko M, Woessner P, Gerlach A, Byczkowski M, Sültmann H, Duensing S, Hohenfellner M. An artificial intelligence-based chatbot for prostate cancer education: Design and patient evaluation study. DIGITAL HEALTH 2023;9 View
  80. Wang H, Wu W, Dou Z, He L, Yang L. Performance and exploration of ChatGPT in medical examination, records and education in Chinese: Pave the way for medical AI. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2023;177:105173 View
  81. Cankurtaran R, Polat Y, Aydemir N, Umay E, Yurekli O. Reliability and Usefulness of ChatGPT for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: An Analysis for Patients and Healthcare Professionals. Cureus 2023 View
  82. Lin X, Martinengo L, Jabir A, Ho A, Car J, Atun R, Tudor Car L. Scope, Characteristics, Behavior Change Techniques, and Quality of Conversational Agents for Mental Health and Well-Being: Systematic Assessment of Apps. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e45984 View
  83. Vasilchenko K, Chumakov E. Comment on ‘Old dog, new tricks? Exploring the potential functionalities of ChatGPT in supporting educational methods in social psychiatry’. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 2024;70(7):1339 View
  84. Noh E, Won J, Jo S, Hahm D, Lee H. Conversational Agents for Body Weight Management: Systematic Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e42238 View
  85. Lahat A, Shachar E, Avidan B, Glicksberg B, Klang E. Evaluating the Utility of a Large Language Model in Answering Common Patients’ Gastrointestinal Health-Related Questions: Are We There Yet?. Diagnostics 2023;13(11):1950 View
  86. Martinez-Ortigosa A, Martinez-Granados A, Gil-Hernández E, Rodriguez-Arrastia M, Ropero-Padilla C, Roman P, Leal-Costa C. Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Nursing Care: A Systematic Review. Journal of Nursing Management 2023;2023:1 View
  87. Simhadri Apparao Polireddi N, Kavitha J. Effectiveness of automated chatbots for operational support and self-service based on fuzzy classifier for ASD. Soft Computing 2023 View
  88. Xu J, Yang L, Guo M. Designing and Evaluating an Emotionally Responsive Virtual Patient Simulation. Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 2024;19(3):196 View
  89. Alshami A, Elsayed M, Ali E, Eltoukhy A, Zayed T. Harnessing the Power of ChatGPT for Automating Systematic Review Process: Methodology, Case Study, Limitations, and Future Directions. Systems 2023;11(7):351 View
  90. Liu J, Wang C, Liu S. Utility of ChatGPT in Clinical Practice. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e48568 View
  91. Corrêa J, Neto A, Pinto G, Lima L, Teles A. Lhia: A Smart Chatbot for Breastfeeding Education and Recruitment of Human Milk Donors. Applied Sciences 2023;13(12):6923 View
  92. Ashton L, Adam M, Whatnall M, Rollo M, Burrows T, Hansen V, Collins C. Exploring the design and utility of an integrated web-based chatbot for young adults to support healthy eating: a qualitative study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2023;20(1) View
  93. Scholten M, Kelders S, Van Gemert-Pijnen J. Similarity in action with an Embodied Conversational Agent; can synchronous speech yield higher levels of rapport? An exploratory eHealth study. Interaction Design and Architecture(s) 2023;(56):130 View
  94. Albino de Queiroz D, Silva Passarello R, Veloso de Moura Fé V, Rossini A, Folchini da Silveira E, Aparecida Isquierdo Fonseca de Queiroz E, André da Costa C. A wearable chatbot-based model for monitoring colorectal cancer patients in the active phase of treatment. Healthcare Analytics 2023;4:100257 View
  95. Sharma S, Ramchandani J, Thakker A, Lahiri A. ChatGPT in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 2023;56(04):320 View
  96. Tan T, Thirunavukarasu A, Campbell J, Keane P, Pasquale L, Abramoff M, Kalpathy-Cramer J, Lum F, Kim J, Baxter S, Ting D. Generative Artificial Intelligence Through ChatGPT and Other Large Language Models in Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology Science 2023;3(4):100394 View
  97. Singh B, Olds T, Brinsley J, Dumuid D, Virgara R, Matricciani L, Watson A, Szeto K, Eglitis E, Miatke A, Simpson C, Vandelanotte C, Maher C. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of chatbots on lifestyle behaviours. npj Digital Medicine 2023;6(1) View
  98. Stevenson E, Walsh C, Hibberd L. Can artificial intelligence replace biochemists? A study comparing interpretation of thyroid function test results by ChatGPT and Google Bard to practising biochemists. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 2024;61(2):143 View
  99. Siglen E, Vetti H, Augestad M, Steen V, Lunde Å, Bjorvatn C. Evaluation of the Rosa Chatbot Providing Genetic Information to Patients at Risk of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Qualitative Interview Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e46571 View
  100. Suppadungsuk S, Thongprayoon C, Miao J, Krisanapan P, Qureshi F, Kashani K, Cheungpasitporn W. Exploring the Potential of Chatbots in Critical Care Nephrology. Medicines 2023;10(10):58 View
  101. Brinsley J, Singh B, Maher C. A Digital Lifestyle Program for Psychological Distress, Wellbeing and Return-to-Work: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2023;104(11):1903 View
  102. Hung Y, Chaker S, Sigel M, Saad M, Slater E. Comparison of Patient Education Materials Generated by Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer Versus Experts. Annals of Plastic Surgery 2023;91(4):409 View
  103. Webster E, Ahsan M, Perez L, Levi S, Thomas C, Christos P, Hickner A, Hamilton J, Babagbemi K, Cantillo E, Holcomb K, Chapman-Davis E, Sharaf R, Frey M. Chatbot Artificial Intelligence for Genetic Cancer Risk Assessment and Counseling: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics 2023;(7) View
  104. Singh D, Nagaraj S, Daniel R, Flood C, Kulik D, Flook R, Goldenberg A, Brudno M, Stedman I. The promises and challenges of clinical AI in community paediatric medicine. Paediatrics & Child Health 2023;28(4):212 View
  105. Volochtchuk A, Leite H, Vieira A. Voice assistant technology applied to populations with developmental and physical disabilities. Behaviour & Information Technology 2024;43(11):2300 View
  106. Bendotti H, Lawler S, Chan G, Gartner C, Ireland D, Marshall H. Conversational artificial intelligence interventions to support smoking cessation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. DIGITAL HEALTH 2023;9 View
  107. Wu J, Napoleone J, Linke S, Noble M, Turken M, Rakotz M, Kirley K, Folk Akers J, Juusola J, Jasik C. Long-Term Results of a Digital Hypertension Self-Management Program: Retrospective Cohort Study. JMIR Cardio 2023;7:e43489 View
  108. Chow J, Blight V, Brown M, Glynn V, Lane B, Larkin A, Marshall S, Matthews P, Rowles M, Warner B. Curious thing, an artificial intelligence (AI)-based conversational agent for COVID-19 patient management. Australian Journal of Primary Health 2023;29(4):312 View
  109. Kelkar A, Hantel A, Koranteng E, Cutler C, Hammer M, Abel G. Digital Health to Patient-Facing Artificial Intelligence: Ethical Implications and Threats to Dignity for Patients With Cancer. JCO Oncology Practice 2024;20(3):314 View
  110. Wang X, Luo R, Liu Y, Chen P, Tao Y, He Y. Revealing the complexity of users’ intention to adopt healthcare chatbots: A mixed-method analysis of antecedent condition configurations. Information Processing & Management 2023;60(5):103444 View
  111. Choi E, Leonard K, Jassal J, Levin A, Ramachandra V, Jones L. Artificial Intelligence in Facial Plastic Surgery: A Review of Current Applications, Future Applications, and Ethical Considerations. Facial Plastic Surgery 2023;39(05):454 View
  112. Hutton H, Aggarwal S, Gillani A, Chander G. A Digital Counselor-Delivered Intervention for Substance Use Among People With HIV: Development and Usability Study. JMIR Formative Research 2023;7:e40260 View
  113. Nkabane-Nkholongo E, Mokgatle M, Bickmore T, Julce C, Jack B. Adaptation of the Gabby conversational agent system to improve the sexual and reproductive health of young women in Lesotho. Frontiers in Digital Health 2023;5 View
  114. Ayenigbara I. The evolving nature of artificial intelligence: role in public health and health promotion. Journal of Public Health 2024;46(2):e322 View
  115. Giannakopoulos K, Kavadella A, Aaqel Salim A, Stamatopoulos V, Kaklamanos E. Evaluation of the Performance of Generative AI Large Language Models ChatGPT, Google Bard, and Microsoft Bing Chat in Supporting Evidence-Based Dentistry: Comparative Mixed Methods Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e51580 View
  116. Kiuchi K, Otsu K, Hayashi Y. Psychological insights into the research and practice of embodied conversational agents, chatbots and social assistive robots: a systematic meta-review. Behaviour & Information Technology 2024;43(15):3696 View
  117. Hwang G, Lee D, Seol S, Jung J, Choi Y, Her E, An M, Park R. Assessing the potential of ChatGPT for psychodynamic formulations in psychiatry: An exploratory study. Psychiatry Research 2024;331:115655 View
  118. ACAR A. Can natural language processing serve as a consultant in oral surgery?. Journal of Stomatology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2024;125(3):101724 View
  119. Golden A, Gabriel M, Russo J, Price M, Ruhmel S, Nilsson A, Delong P, Jelsma J, Carty M. Let’s talk about it: an exploration of the comparative use of three different digital platforms to gather patient-reported outcome measures. Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes 2023;7(1) View
  120. Wang G, Gao K, Liu Q, Wu Y, Zhang K, Zhou W, Guo C. Potential and Limitations of ChatGPT 3.5 and 4.0 as a Source of COVID-19 Information: Comprehensive Comparative Analysis of Generative and Authoritative Information. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e49771 View
  121. Plitman E, Kim E, Patel R, Kohout S, Jin R, Chan V, Dinsmore M. Development of an Automated and Scalable Virtual Assistant to Aid in PPE Adherence: A Study with Implications for Applications within Anesthesiology. Journal of Medical Systems 2023;48(1) View
  122. Ma Y, Achiche S, Pomey M, Paquette J, Adjtoutah N, Vicente S, Engler K, Laymouna M, Lessard D, Lemire B, Asselah J, Therrien R, Osmanlliu E, Zawati M, Joly Y, Lebouché B. Adapting and Evaluating an AI-Based Chatbot Through Patient and Stakeholder Engagement to Provide Information for Different Health Conditions: Master Protocol for an Adaptive Platform Trial (the MARVIN Chatbots Study). JMIR Research Protocols 2024;13:e54668 View
  123. Allen C, Neil G, Halbert C, Sterba K, Nietert P, Welch B, Lenert L. Barriers and facilitators to the implementation of family cancer history collection tools in oncology clinical practices. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2024;31(3):631 View
  124. Lim W, Custodio R, Sunga M, Amoranto A, Sarmiento R. General Characteristics and Design Taxonomy of Chatbots for COVID-19: Systematic Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024;26:e43112 View
  125. Al‐Anezi F. Exploring the use of ChatGPT as a virtual health coach for chronic disease management. Learning Health Systems 2024;8(3) View
  126. Yasukawa S, Tanaka T, Yamane K, Kano R, Sakata M, Noma H, Furukawa T, Kishimoto T. A chatbot to improve adherence to internet-based cognitive–behavioural therapy among workers with subthreshold depression: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Mental Health 2024;27(1):e300881 View
  127. Ni Z, Peng M, Balakrishnan V, Tee V, Azwa I, Saifi R, Nelson L, Vlahov D, Altice F. Implementation of Chatbot Technology in Health Care: Protocol for a Bibliometric Analysis. JMIR Research Protocols 2024;13:e54349 View
  128. Ye C, Zweck E, Ma Z, Smith J, Katz S. Doctor Versus Artificial Intelligence: Patient and Physician Evaluation of Large Language Model Responses to Rheumatology Patient Questions in a Cross‐Sectional Study. Arthritis & Rheumatology 2024;76(3):479 View
  129. Cuciniello M, Amorese T, Greco C, Carrión Z, Vogel C, Cordasco G, Esposito A. Cultural Differences in the Assessment of Synthetic Voices. International Journal of Neural Systems 2024;34(02) View
  130. Andrew A. Potential applications and implications of large language models in primary care. Family Medicine and Community Health 2024;12(Suppl 1):e002602 View
  131. Gopalakrishnan A, Gururajan R, Zhou X, Venkataraman R, Chan K, Higgins N. A survey of autonomous monitoring systems in mental health. WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 2024;14(3) View
  132. Faruk L, Babakerkhell M, Mongkolnam P, Chongsuphajaisiddhi V, Funilkul S, Pal D. A Review of Subjective Scales Measuring the User Experience of Voice Assistants. IEEE Access 2024;12:14893 View
  133. Yu P, Fang C, Liu X, Fu W, Ling J, Yan Z, Jiang Y, Cao Z, Wu M, Chen Z, Zhu W, Zhang Y, Abudukeremu A, Wang Y, Liu X, Wang J. Performance of ChatGPT on the Chinese Postgraduate Examination for Clinical Medicine: Survey Study. JMIR Medical Education 2024;10:e48514 View
  134. Singh T, Truong M, Roberts K, Myneni S. Sequencing conversational turns in peer interactions: An integrated approach for evidence-based conversational agent for just-in-time nicotine cravings intervention. DIGITAL HEALTH 2024;10 View
  135. O'Connell J, Gilmartin E, Roche D, Rogers S. Conversational artificial intelligence: the interface with the patient concerns inventory. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2024;62(5):391 View
  136. Chou Y, Lin C, Lee S, Lee Y, Cheng L. User-Friendly Chatbot to Mitigate the Psychological Stress of Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Development and Usability Study. JMIR Formative Research 2024;8:e49462 View
  137. MacNeill A, MacNeill L, Yi S, Goudreau A, Luke A, Doucet S. Depiction of conversational agents as health professionals: a scoping review. JBI Evidence Synthesis 2024;22(5):831 View
  138. Araji T, Brooks A. Evaluating The Role of ChatGPT as a Study Aid in Medical Education in Surgery. Journal of Surgical Education 2024;81(5):753 View
  139. Anisha S, Sen A, Bain C. Evaluating the Potential and Pitfalls of AI-Powered Conversational Agents as Humanlike Virtual Health Carers in the Remote Management of Noncommunicable Diseases: Scoping Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024;26:e56114 View
  140. Peña-Cáceres O, Tavara-Ramos A, Correa-Calle T, More-More M. WhatsApp-Based Cloud Service Chatbot Application for Emergencies or Disasters. Journal of Advances in Information Technology 2024;15(3):435 View
  141. Warrier A, Singh R, Haleem A, Zaki H, Eloy J. The Comparative Diagnostic Capability of Large Language Models in Otolaryngology. The Laryngoscope 2024;134(9):3997 View
  142. Aljamaan F, Malki K, Alhasan K, Jamal A, Altamimi I, Khayat A, Alhaboob A, Abdulmajeed N, Alshahrani F, Saad K, Al-Eyadhy A, Al-Tawfiq J, Temsah M. ChatGPT-3.5 System Usability Scale early assessment among Healthcare Workers: Horizons of adoption in medical practice. Heliyon 2024;10(7):e28962 View
  143. Cevasco K, Morrison Brown R, Woldeselassie R, Kaplan S. Patient Engagement with Conversational Agents in Health Applications 2016–2022: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Medical Systems 2024;48(1) View
  144. Allan P, Knight M, Evans R, Narayanan A. Artificial intelligence is poised to usher in a paradigm shift in surgery: application of ChatGPT in Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia. ANZ Journal of Surgery 2024;94(5):780 View
  145. Liu J, Ito S, Ngo T, Lawate A, Ong Q, Fox T, Chang S, Phung D, Nair E, Palaiyan M, Joty S, Abisheganaden J, Lee C, Lwin M, Theng Y, Ho M, Chia M, Bojic I, Car J. A pilot randomised controlled trial exploring the feasibility and efficacy of a human-AI sleep coaching model for improving sleep among university students. DIGITAL HEALTH 2024;10 View
  146. Laymouna M, Ma Y, Lessard D, Schuster T, Engler K, Lebouché B. Roles, Users, Benefits, and Limitations of Chatbots in Health Care: Rapid Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024;26:e56930 View
  147. Yuan L, An L, Zhu Y, Duan C, Kong W, Jiang P, Yu Q. Machine Learning in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Lung Cancer by PET-CT. Cancer Management and Research 2024;Volume 16:361 View
  148. Vinarti R, Sani N, Anggraeni W, Tyasnurita R, Muklason A, Amalia R, Fahlevi R, Suryaputra E, Azizah I, Kesuma B. I-Mun: A Reminder System and a Chatbot for Information of Immunization under 2 Years. Procedia Computer Science 2024;234:1722 View
  149. Cary M, De Gagne J, Kauschinger E, Carter B. Advancing Health Equity Through Artificial Intelligence: An Educational Framework for Preparing Nurses in Clinical Practice and Research. Creative Nursing 2024;30(2):154 View
  150. Nadarzynski T, Knights N, Husbands D, Graham C, Llewellyn C, Buchanan T, Montgomery I, Ridge D, Silva J. Achieving health equity through conversational AI: A roadmap for design and implementation of inclusive chatbots in healthcare. PLOS Digital Health 2024;3(5):e0000492 View
  151. Alzyoudi M, Al Mazroui K. ChatGPT as a coping mechanism for social isolation: An analysis of user experiences and perceptions of social support. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies 2024;14(3):e202433 View
  152. Graf L, Sykownik P, Gradl-Dietsch G, Masuch M. Towards believable and educational conversations with virtual patients. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 2024;5 View
  153. Sezgin E, Kocaballi A, Dolce M, Skeens M, Militello L, Huang Y, Stevens J, Kemper A. Chatbot for Social Need Screening and Resource Sharing With Vulnerable Families: Iterative Design and Evaluation Study. JMIR Human Factors 2024;11:e57114 View
  154. Pressman S, Borna S, Gomez-Cabello C, Haider S, Haider C, Forte A. Clinical and Surgical Applications of Large Language Models: A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2024;13(11):3041 View
  155. Şahin B, Emre Genç Y, Doğan K, Emre Şener T, Şekerci Ç, Tanıdır Y, Yücel S, Tarcan T, Çam H. Evaluating the Performance of ChatGPT in Urology: A Comparative Study of Knowledge Interpretation and Patient Guidance. Journal of Endourology 2024;38(8):799 View
  156. Kwok W, Zhang Y, Wang G. Artificial intelligence in perinatal mental health research: A scoping review. Computers in Biology and Medicine 2024;177:108685 View
  157. Alsharhan A, Al-Emran M, Shaalan K. Chatbot Adoption: A Multiperspective Systematic Review and Future Research Agenda. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 2024;71:10232 View
  158. Abid A, Baxter S. Breaking Barriers in Behavioral Change: The Potential of Artificial Intelligence-Driven Motivational Interviewing. Journal of Glaucoma 2024;33(7):473 View
  159. Sáez C, Ferri P, García-Gómez J. Resilient Artificial Intelligence in Health: Synthesis and Research Agenda Toward Next-Generation Trustworthy Clinical Decision Support. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024;26:e50295 View
  160. Striegl J, Richter J, Grossmann L, Bråstad B, Gotthardt M, Rück C, Wallert J, Loitsch C. Deep learning-based dimensional emotion recognition for conversational agent-based cognitive behavioral therapy. PeerJ Computer Science 2024;10:e2104 View
  161. Raman R, Pattnaik D, Hughes L, Nedungadi P. Unveiling the dynamics of AI applications: A review of reviews using scientometrics and BERTopic modeling. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge 2024;9(3):100517 View
  162. Hoffman B, Oppert M, Owen M. Understanding young adults’ attitudes towards using AI chatbots for psychotherapy: The role of self-stigma. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans 2024;2(2):100086 View
  163. Chambi E, Cuela J, Zegarra M, Sulla E, Rendulich J. Benchmarking Time-Frequency Representations of Phonocardiogram Signals for Classification of Valvular Heart Diseases Using Deep Features and Machine Learning. Electronics 2024;13(15):2912 View
  164. Nadarzynski T, Knights N, Husbands D, Graham C, Llewellyn C, Buchanan T, Montgomery I, Khlafa N, Tichackova J, Odeyemi R, Johnson S, Jesuthas N, Tahia S, Ridge D, Wu D. The impact of Chatbot-Assisted Self Assessment (CASA) on intentions for sexual health screening in people from minoritised ethnic groups at risk of sexually transmitted infections. Sexual Health 2024;21(4) View
  165. Ejaz H, Ali S, Berner J, Dobbs T, Whitaker I. The “Flapbot”: A Global Perspective on the Validity and Usability of a Flap Monitoring Chatbot. Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery 2025;41(03):227 View
  166. Cresswell K, de Keizer N, Magrabi F, Williams R, Rigby M, Prgomet M, Kukhareva P, Wong Z, Scott P, Craven C, Georgiou A, Medlock S, Brender McNair J, Ammenwerth E. Evaluating Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Settings—Let Us Not Reinvent the Wheel. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024;26:e46407 View
  167. Kasecker W, Silva M, Santana F, Silva L, Sanches N, Florentino J, Heidmann G, Albiero L, Queiroz E, Queiroz D. Perfil clínico-epidemiológico e aplicação de um novo modelo computacional para monitoramento de gestantes de um município do norte de Mato Grosso: um estudo coorte prospectivo. Scientific Electronic Archives 2024;17(4) View
  168. He L, Basar E, Krahmer E, Wiers R, Antheunis M. Effectiveness and User Experience of a Smoking Cessation Chatbot: Mixed Methods Study Comparing Motivational Interviewing and Confrontational Counseling. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024;26:e53134 View
  169. Swisher A, Wu A, Liu G, Lee M, Carle T, Tang D. Enhancing Health Literacy: Evaluating the Readability of Patient Handouts Revised by ChatGPT's Large Language Model. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 2024;171(6):1751 View
  170. Ortiz Llana A, Zapana Ruiz J, Meneses Claudio B. Quality of service and citizen satisfaction in a Lima district municipality. Southern perspective / Perspectiva austral 2023;1:17 View
  171. Laymouna M, Ma Y, Lessard D, Engler K, Therrien R, Schuster T, Vicente S, Achiche S, El Haj M, Lemire B, Kawaiah A, Lebouché B. Needs-Assessment for an Artificial Intelligence-Based Chatbot for Pharmacists in HIV Care: Results from a Knowledge–Attitudes–Practices Survey. Healthcare 2024;12(16):1661 View
  172. Denecke K, Reichenpfader D, Willi D, Kennel K, Bonel H, Nairz K, Cihoric N, Papaux D, von Tengg-Kobligk H. Person-based design and evaluation of MIA, a digital medical interview assistant for radiology. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 2024;7 View
  173. Gao X, He P, Zhou Y, Qin X. Artificial Intelligence Applications in Smart Healthcare: A Survey. Future Internet 2024;16(9):308 View
  174. Hindelang M, Sitaru S, Zink A. Transforming Health Care Through Chatbots for Medical History-Taking and Future Directions: Comprehensive Systematic Review. JMIR Medical Informatics 2024;12:e56628 View
  175. Baumgärtner K, Byczkowski M, Schmid T, Muschko M, Woessner P, Gerlach A, Bonekamp D, Schlemmer H, Hohenfellner M, Görtz M. Effectiveness of the Medical Chatbot PROSCA to Inform Patients About Prostate Cancer: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. European Urology Open Science 2024;69:80 View
  176. Scaff S, Reis F, Ferreira G, Jacob M, Saragiotto B. Assessing the performance of AI chatbots in answering patients' common questions about low back pain. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2025;84(1):143 View
  177. Eskandar K. Artificial intelligence in nephrology: revolutionizing diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. KIDNEYS 2024;13(3):213 View
  178. Hoose S, Králiková K. Artificial Intelligence in Mental Health Care: Management Implications, Ethical Challenges, and Policy Considerations. Administrative Sciences 2024;14(9):227 View
  179. Gutiérrez Maquilón R, Uhl J, Schrom-Feiertag H, Tscheligi M. Integrating GPT-Based AI into Virtual Patients to Facilitate Communication Training Among Medical First Responders: Usability Study of Mixed Reality Simulation. JMIR Formative Research 2024;8:e58623 View
  180. Krichen M, Abdalzaher M. Performance enhancement of artificial intelligence: A survey. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 2024;232:104034 View
  181. MacNeill A, MacNeill L, Luke A, Doucet S. Health Professionals’ Views on the Use of Conversational Agents for Health Care: Qualitative Descriptive Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024;26:e49387 View
  182. Lee J, Lee H, Lee H. Navigating healthier beverage consumption in adolescents using the “R-Ma Bot” chatbot: A usability and evaluation study. DIGITAL HEALTH 2024;10 View
  183. Kim T, Yu C, Hinson C, Fung E, Allam O, Nazerali R, Ayyala H. ChatGPT Virtual Assistant for Breast Reconstruction: Assessing Preferences for a Traditional Chatbot versus a Human AI VideoBot. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open 2024;12(10):e6202 View
  184. Montejo L, Fenton A, Davis G. Artificial intelligence (AI) applications in healthcare and considerations for nursing education. Nurse Education in Practice 2024;80:104158 View
  185. Singh Rana S, Ghahremani J, Woo J, Navarro R, Ramkumar P. A Glossary of Terms in Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery 2025;41(2):516 View
  186. Rinne S, Brunner J, Hogan T, Ferguson J, Helmer D, Hysong S, McKee G, Midboe A, Shepherd-Banigan M, Elwy A. A use case of ChatGPT: summary of an expert panel discussion on electronic health records and implementation science. Frontiers in Digital Health 2024;6 View
  187. Uetova E, Hederman L, Ross R, O’Sullivan D. Exploring the characteristics of conversational agents in chronic disease management interventions: A scoping review. DIGITAL HEALTH 2024;10 View
  188. Frosolini A, Franz L, Caragli V, Genovese E, de Filippis C, Marioni G. Artificial Intelligence in Audiology: A Scoping Review of Current Applications and Future Directions. Sensors 2024;24(22):7126 View
  189. Edelmers E, Ņikuļins A, Sprūdža K, Stapulone P, Pūce N, Skrebele E, Siņicina E, Cīrule V, Kazuša A, Boločko K. AI-Assisted Detection and Localization of Spinal Metastatic Lesions. Diagnostics 2024;14(21):2458 View
  190. García-Torres D, Vicente Ripoll M, Fernández Peris C, Mira Solves J. Enhancing Clinical Reasoning with Virtual Patients: A Hybrid Systematic Review Combining Human Reviewers and ChatGPT. Healthcare 2024;12(22):2241 View
  191. Hadi Z, Siregar D, Wijaya G, Handayani P, Harahap N. The influence of transparency, anthropomorphism, and positive politeness on chatbots for service recovery in E-health applications. Cogent Social Sciences 2024;10(1) View
  192. Haykal D, Cartier H, Yi K, Wortsman X. The Transformative Potential of AI in Ultrasound for Facial Aesthetics. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2025;24(2) View
  193. Rodrigues R, Vasconcellos A, De Campos Filho A. Desenvolvimento de um chatbot na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Journal of Health Informatics 2024;16(Especial) View
  194. Merkel S, Schorr S. Identification of Use Cases, Target Groups, and Motivations Around Adopting Smart Speakers for Health Care and Social Care Settings: Scoping Review. JMIR AI 2025;4:e55673 View
  195. Puleio F, Lo Giudice G, Bellocchio A, Boschetti C, Lo Giudice R. Clinical, Research, and Educational Applications of ChatGPT in Dentistry: A Narrative Review. Applied Sciences 2024;14(23):10802 View
  196. Wong C, So W, Chan C, Choi K, Li H. Effects of smartphone-based chatbot intervention to increase influenza and COVID-19 vaccine uptake among South Asian ethnic minorities in Hong Kong: protocol for a randomised waitlist-controlled trial. BMJ Open 2024;14(11):e080725 View
  197. Ma J, Sun X, Liu B. A Review of Sensor-Based Interventions for Supporting Patient Adherence to Inhalation Therapy. Patient Preference and Adherence 2024;Volume 18:2397 View
  198. Ding Z, Wei R, Xia J, Mu Y, Wang J, Lin Y. Exploring the potential of large language model–based chatbots in challenges of ribosome profiling data analysis: a review. Briefings in Bioinformatics 2024;26(1) View
  199. Hou G, Li X, Wang H. How to improve older adults’ trust and intentions to use virtual health agents: an extended technology acceptance model. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 2024;11(1) View
  200. Ponzo V, Rosato R, Scigliano M, Onida M, Cossai S, De Vecchi M, Devecchi A, Goitre I, Favaro E, Merlo F, Sergi D, Bo S. Comparison of the Accuracy, Completeness, Reproducibility, and Consistency of Different AI Chatbots in Providing Nutritional Advice: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2024;13(24):7810 View
  201. Li Y, Chung T, Lu W, Li M, Ho Y, He M, Mei X, Chen D, Bressington D. Chatbot-Based Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program for University Students With Depressive Symptoms: Intervention Development and Pilot Evaluation. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association 2024 View
  202. Silva J, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Tavares F, Libânio D. Adherence, risk perception, and attitudes towards colorectal cancer screening: A road to individualized screening?. Digestive and Liver Disease 2024 View
  203. Yang Q, Cheung K, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Qin J, Xie Y. Conversational agents in physical and psychological symptom management: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2025;163:104991 View
  204. Mohsin Khan M, Shah N, Shaikh N, Thabet A, alrabayah T, Belkhair S. Towards secure and trusted AI in healthcare: A systematic review of emerging innovations and ethical challenges. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2025;195:105780 View
  205. Macedo P, Madeira R, Santos P, Mota P, Alves B, Pereira C. A Conversational Agent for Empowering People with Parkinson’s Disease in Exercising Through Motivation and Support. Applied Sciences 2024;15(1):223 View
  206. Psilopatis I, Heindl F, Cupisti S, Fischer U, Kohlmann V, Schneider M, Bader S, Krueckel A, Emons J. The role of artificial intelligence in gynecologic and obstetric emergencies. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2025;306:94 View
  207. Özkan T, Acar A, Özkan E, Düzyol M, Öztürk E. Are artificial intelligence based chatbots reliable sources for patients regarding orthodontics?. APOS Trends in Orthodontics 2025;15:141 View
  208. Parasa S, Sridhar A. Natural Language Processing in Gastroenterology. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America 2025;35(2):309 View
  209. Gualda-Gea J, Barón-Miras L, Bertran M, Vilella A, Torá-Rocamora I, Prat A. Perceptions and future perspectives of medical students on the use of artificial intelligence based chatbots: an exploratory analysis. Frontiers in Medicine 2025;12 View
  210. Bailoni T, Dragoni M. A Review on Trustworthiness of Digital Assistants for Personal Healthcare. ACM Computing Surveys 2025;57(7):1 View
  211. Bosco C, Shojaei F, Theisz A, Nguyen V, Song H, Han R, Osorio Torres J, Chheda D, Lin J, Peng X, Waseem N, Simpkins C, Cureton B, Himes A, Jessup N, Lu Y, Hendrie H, Barnes P, Hill C, Shih P. “I don’t see anything specifically about Black/African Americans.” Testing an Alzheimer-specific generative AI tool tailored for African American/Black communities. ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare 2025 View
  212. Nieminen H, Vartiainen A, Bond R, Laukkanen E, Mulvenna M, Kuosmanen L. Recommendations for Mental Health Chatbot Conversations: An Integrative Review. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2025 View
  213. Owens O, Leonard M. A Comparison of Prostate Cancer Screening Information Quality on Standard and Advanced Versions of ChatGPT, Google Gemini, and Microsoft Copilot: A Cross-Sectional Study. American Journal of Health Promotion 2025;39(5):766 View
  214. Chacko J, Mazza K, Stathakos K, Kim D, Carlo L. Evaluating Technology-Driven Strategies for Enhancing Patient Outreach for Preventive Care: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2025 View
  215. Liu Y, Cao X, Chen T, Jiang Y, You J, Wu M, Wang X, Feng M, Jin Y, Chen J. From screens to scenes: A survey of embodied AI in healthcare. Information Fusion 2025;119:103033 View
  216. Chalutz-Ben Gal H, Margherita A. The adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare: a model of value assessment, human resource and health system factors. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 2025:1 View
  217. Sibiya S, Hurchund R, Omondi B, Owira P. Artificial intelligence for digital healthcare in the low and medium income countries. Health and Technology 2025;15(2):323 View
  218. Niriella M, Premaratna P, Senanayake M, Kodisinghe S, Dassanayake U, Dassanayake A, Ediriweera D, de Silva H. The reliability of freely accessible, baseline, general-purpose large language model generated patient information for frequently asked questions on liver disease: a preliminary cross-sectional study. Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2025;19(4):437 View
  219. Yu T, Shao A, Wu H, Su Z, Shen W, Zhou J, Lin X, Shi D, Grzybowski A, Wu J, Jin K. A Systematic Review of Advances in AI-Assisted Analysis of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) Images: From Detection to Report Generation. Ophthalmology and Therapy 2025;14(4):599 View
  220. Shankar R, Bundele A, Yap A, Mukhopadhyay A. Development and feasibility testing of an AI-powered chatbot for early detection of caregiver burden: protocol for a mixed methods feasibility study. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2025;16 View
  221. Bramanti A, Corallo A, Clemente G, Greco L, Garofano M, Giordano M, Pascarelli C, Mitrano G, Di Palo M, Di Spirito F, Amato M, Bartolomeo M, Del Sorbo R, Ciccarelli M, Bramanti P, Ritrovato P. Exploring the Role of Voice Assistants in Managing Noncommunicable Diseases: A Systematic Review on Clinical, Behavioral Outcomes, Quality of Life, and User Experiences. Healthcare 2025;13(5):517 View
  222. Pinto A, Santos C, Aguiar R, Oliveira S, Cunha D. The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Palliative Care Communication: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2025 View
  223. Shankar R, Bundele A, Mukhopadhyay A. Effectiveness of Chatbot interventions for reducing caregiver burden: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. MethodsX 2025;14:103272 View
  224. Silva J, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Libânio D. Author's reply: “Improving screening participation: The need for socioeconomic considerations and psychological interventions in colorectal cancer programs”. Digestive and Liver Disease 2025 View
  225. MacNeill A, Luke A, Doucet S. Individual differences in views toward healthcare conversational agents: A cross-sectional survey study. DIGITAL HEALTH 2025;11 View
  226. Coen E, Del Fiol G, Kaphingst K, Borsato E, Shannon J, Stevens Smith H, Masino A, Allen C. Chatbot for the Return of Positive Genetic Screening Results for Hereditary Cancer Syndromes: A Prompt Engineering Project (Preprint). JMIR Cancer 2024 View
  227. Meekins‐Doherty L, Dive L, McEwen A, Sexton A. Generative AI and the profession of genetic counseling. Journal of Genetic Counseling 2025;34(2) View
  228. Branda F, Stella M, Ceccarelli C, Cabitza F, Ceccarelli G, Maruotti A, Ciccozzi M, Scarpa F. The Role of AI-Based Chatbots in Public Health Emergencies: A Narrative Review. Future Internet 2025;17(4):145 View
  229. Wang Z, Song B, Liu C, Ma H, Bai Z, Carneiro M, Youssef L, Chen C, Zhang L, Wang D, Wang D. Effects of boxing exercise in people with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 2025;17 View
  230. Berry P, Dhanakshirur R, Khanna S. Utilizing large language models for gastroenterology research: a conceptual framework. Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 2025;18 View
  231. Huang Y, Wang W, Zhou J, Zhang L, Lin J, Liu H, Hu X, Zhou Z, Dong W. Integrative modeling enables ChatGPT to achieve average level of human counselors performance in mental health Q&A. Information Processing & Management 2025;62(5):104152 View
  232. Vashisht N, Goyal W, Choudhary S, Jayakumar S, Patil S, Mohapatra C, Srividya A. Ethical and Legal Challenges in the Use of Robotics for Critical Surgical Interventions. Seminars in Medical Writing and Education 2024;3:501 View
  233. Caldwell P, Richards D, Hamilton S, Von Huben A, Teixeira-Pinto A, Howell M, Howard K, Craig J, Seton C, Waters K, Deshpande A, Scott K. A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Web-Based Management Support System for Children With Urinary Incontinence: The eADVICE Trial. Journal of Urology 2024;211(3):364 View
  234. Chen P, Birna van Riemsdijk M, Heylen D, Jonker C, Tielman M. Why don't you do what you said you would? Conversational strategies for agents to understand users' reasons in supporting behavior. Behaviour & Information Technology 2025:1 View
  235. Wang J, Min H, Li T, Li J, Jiang Y, Zhang J, Wu Y, Sun X. Women's Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Artificial Intelligence Chatbots in Women's Health: A Discrete Choice Experiment Study (Preprint). Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024 View
  236. Owens O, Leonard M. Evaluating an Artificially Intelligent Chatbot ‘Prostate Cancer Info’ for Providing Quality Prostate Cancer Screening Information: A Cross-Sectional Study (Preprint). JMIR Cancer 2025 View
  237. Leitner K, Cutri-French C, Mandel A, Christ L, Koelper N, McCabe M, Seltzer E, Scalise L, Colbert J, Dokras A, Rosin R, Levine L. A Conversational Agent Using Natural Language Processing for Postpartum Care for New Mothers: Development and Engagement Analysis. JMIR AI 2025;4:e58454 View
  238. Santamaría A, Antón-Maldonado C, Sánchez-Quiñones B, Ibarra Vega N, González P, Carrasco R. LOLATAO—An Artificial-Intelligence-Based Virtual Assistant for Clinical Follow-Up of Patients with Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation (AF) Undergoing Oral Anticoagulant Therapy (OAT): A Feasibility Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2025;14(9):3023 View
  239. Yousefi F, Naye F, Ouellet S, Yameogo A, Sasseville M, Bergeron F, Ozkan M, Cousineau M, Amil S, Rhéaume C, Gagnon M. Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Health Promotion and Disease Reduction: A Rapid Review (Preprint). Journal of Medical Internet Research 2025 View
  240. Pit S, Hamiduzzaman M, Schneider C, Barraclough F. Evaluation framework for conversational AI agents in pharmacy education: A scoping review of key characteristics and outcome measures. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 2025 View

Books/Policy Documents

  1. Liu C, Zhang B, Peng G. Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions. View
  2. Gantwerker E, Allen L, Hay M. Clinical Education for the Health Professions. View
  3. Chhabra S. Handbook of Research on Digital Transformation Management and Tools. View
  4. Leeuwis L, He L. Chatbot Research and Design. View
  5. Buckeridge D. Intelligent Systems in Medicine and Health. View
  6. Tavares D, Lopes A, Castro C, Maia G, Leite L, Quintas M. Handbook of Research on Instructional Technologies in Health Education and Allied Disciplines. View
  7. Gwynne M. Chronic Illness Care. View
  8. Stević I, Vukmirović D, Vujović V, Marinković V. Innovation in Medicine and Healthcare. View
  9. Barua R, Datta S, Sarkar A. Contemporary Applications of Data Fusion for Advanced Healthcare Informatics. View
  10. Magalhães R, Marcondes F, Durães D, Novais P. Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning – IDEAL 2023. View
  11. Gantwerker E, Allen L, Hay M. Clinical Education for the Health Professions. View
  12. Larsen M, Vo L, Pratap A, Peters D. Tasman’s Psychiatry. View
  13. Lal M, Neduncheliyan S. Design in the Era of Industry 4.0, Volume 1. View
  14. Khan M. Robotics in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. View
  15. Garg R, Gupta A. Advances in Data-Driven Computing and Intelligent Systems. View
  16. Pani B, Crawford J, Allen K. Applications of Generative AI. View
  17. Salles A, Wajnerman Paz A. Brains and Machines: Towards a Unified Ethics of AI and Neuroscience. View
  18. Oliveira R. The Palgrave Handbook of Humour Research. View
  19. Striegl J, Fekih F, Weber G, Loitsch C. Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management. View
  20. Striegl J, Rottmann S, Loitsch C. Intelligent Systems and Applications. View
  21. Bappy A, Mahmud T, Kaiser M, Shahadat Hossain M, Andersson K. Applied Intelligence and Informatics. View
  22. Larsen M, Vo L, Pratap A, Peters D. Tasman’s Psychiatry. View
  23. Lal M, Neduncheliyan S. Machine Learning Algorithms. View
  24. Eisenstadt M. Integrated Science for Sustainable Development Goal 3. View
  25. Alsaeed N, Nadeem F. Blockchain and Digital Twin for Smart Hospitals. View
  26. Li Y. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Communication Technologies (ICAICT 2024). View
  27. Song Y, Zhu Y, Zhang K, Han Y, Zhu C, Yu B. China Conference on Knowledge Graph and Semantic Computing and International Joint Conference on Knowledge Graphs. View
  28. Rani P, Yadav S, Singh P, Almusawi M. Demystifying the Role of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in Mental Health. View
  29. Molten A, Abo A. Digital Health, AI and Generative AI in Healthcare. View

Conference Proceedings

  1. Fgaier M, Zrubka Z. 2022 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Informatics and 8th IEEE International Conference on Recent Achievements in Mechatronics, Automation, Computer Science and Robotics (CINTI-MACRo). Cost-effectiveness of using chatbots in healthcare: a systematic review View
  2. Lupetti M, Hagens E, Van Der Maden W, Steegers-Theunissen R, Rousian M. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Conversational User Interfaces. Trustworthy Embodied Conversational Agents for Healthcare View
  3. Reinwarth A, Schneeberger T, Nunnari F, Gebhard P, Altmann U, Wessler J. International Cconference on Multimodal Interaction. Look What I Made It Do - The ModelIT Method for Manually Modeling Nonverbal Behavior of Socially Interactive Agents View
  4. Kruse L, Hertel J, Mostajeran F, Schmidt S, Steinicke F. 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR). Would You Go to a Virtual Doctor? A Systematic Literature Review on User Preferences for Embodied Virtual Agents in Healthcare View
  5. May R, Denecke K. Proceedings of the 18th International Working Conference on Variability Modelling of Software-Intensive Systems. Conversational Agents in Healthcare: A Variability Perspective View
  6. Singh A, Joshi S, Domb M. 2023 2nd International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS). Embedded Conversational AI, Chatbots, and NLP to Improve Healthcare Administration and Practices View
  7. Czere J, Pentek M. 2022 IEEE 20th Jubilee International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics (SISY). Exploring the Feasibility of the Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials on Artificial Intelligence Chatbots for Use in Healthcare Based on a Published Systematic Review View
  8. Ahmadi S, Fox E. 2024 IEEE First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Medicine, Health and Care (AIMHC). AI Chatbot for Generating Episodic Future Thinking (EFT) Cue Texts for Health View
  9. Harmon S. Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Can AI Help Inspire Healthy Eating? Exploring the Potential of Generated Motivational Texts and Images Related to Healthy Food Choices View
  10. A B, Scaria J, Trivedi A, Sharma T, Yadav A, Nair R. 2024 IEEE 4th International Conference on ICT in Business Industry & Government (ICTBIG). Exploring Ethical Dimensions of Employing Artificial Intelligence Algorithms in Healthcare Environments View
  11. Carchiolo V, Malgeri M. Global Congress on Emerging Technologies (GCET-2024). Quantitative Review of Conversational Agents in E-Health Using NLP and AI View
  12. Lee J, Jung K, Newman E, Chow E, Chen Y. Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Understanding Adolescents' Perceptions of Benefits and Risks in Health AI Technologies through Design Fiction View
  13. Huang Y, Zhou Q, Piper A. Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Designing Conversational AI for Aging: A Systematic Review of Older Adults' Perceptions and Needs View
  14. Kollig F, Pater J, Nova F, Fiesler C. Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Fictional Failures and Real-World Lessons: Ethical Speculation Through Design Fiction on Emotional Support Conversational AI View
  15. Degachi C, Dhar U, Niforatos E, Kortuem G. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Towards a Domain Expert Evaluation Framework for Conversational Search in Healthcare View