Chatbots and Conversational Agents

Critical Appraisal Tools for Evaluating Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Studies: Scoping Review

Juan B Cabello, Vicente Ruiz Garcia, Miguel Torralba, Miguel Maldonado Fernandez, Marimar Ubeda, Eukene Ansuategui, Luis Ramos-Ruperto, Jose I Emparanza, Iratxe Urreta, Maria Teresa Iglesias, Jose I Pijoan, Amanda Burls

J Med Internet Res 2025 (Dec 08); 27:e77110

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A Rule-Based Conversational Agent for Mental Health and Well-Being in Young People: Formative Case Series During the Rise of Generative AI

Aimee-Rose Wrightson-Hester, Gee Anderson, Joel Dunstan, Peter M McEvoy, Christopher J Sutton, Bronwyn Myers, Sarah J Egan, Sara Jane Tai, Melanie Johnston-Hollitt, Wai Chen, Tom Gedeon, Joanna C Moullin, Warren Mansell

JMIR Form Res 2025 (Dec 01); 9:e69841

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Determining the Feasibility and Usability of a Co-Designed Culturally Appropriate Conversational Agent (DESI-Heart) to Support Self-Care in People With Cardiovascular Diseases: Protocol for a Single-Arm Pilot Trial

Ann Tresa Sebastian, Paul Jansons, Ee Ling Ng, Samantha David, Ralph Maddison

JMIR Res Protoc 2025 (Nov 28); 14:e78923

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Evaluation of an AI-Based Chatbot Providing Real-Time Feedback in Communication Training for Mental Health Care Professionals: Proof-of-Concept Observational Study

Lea Herschbach, Teresa Festl-Wietek, Christian Stegemann-Philipps, Alessandra Sonanini, Bernd Herrmann, Rebecca Erschens, Anne Herrmann-Werner, Friederike Holderried

J Med Internet Res 2025 (Nov 28); 27:e82818

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Clinical Efficacy, Therapeutic Mechanisms, and Implementation Features of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy–Based Chatbots for Depression and Anxiety: Narrative Review

Chang-Ha Im, Minjung Woo

JMIR Ment Health 2025 (Nov 28); 12:e78340

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Interactive Conversational Agents to Improve Dietary Behaviors for Health Promotion: Mixed Systematic Review

Samira Amil, Marie-Pierre Gagnon, Alexandra Bédard, Sié Mathieu Aymar Romaric Da, Daniela Zavala Mora, Vicky Drapeau, Sophie Desroches

J Med Internet Res 2025 (Nov 28); 27:e78220

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AI-Enhanced Social Robotic Versus Computer-Based Virtual Patients for Clinical Reasoning Training in Medical Education: Observational Crossover Cohort Study

Alexander Borg, Jonathan Schiött, William Ivegren, Cidem Gentline, Viking Huss, Anna Hugelius, Benjamin Jobs, Fabricio Espinosa, Mini Ruiz, Samuel Edelbring, Carina Georg, Gabriel Skantze, Ioannis Parodis

J Med Internet Res 2025 (Nov 27); 27:e82541

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GrantCheck—an AI Solution for Guiding Grant Language to New Policy Requirements: Development Study

Qiming Shi, Asil Oztekin, George Matthew, Jeffrey Bortle, Hayden Jenkins, Steven (Koon) Wong, Paul Langlois, Anaheed Zaki, Brian Coleman, Katherine Luzuriaga, Adrian H Zai

JMIR Form Res 2025 (Nov 27); 9:e79038

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The Effectiveness of AI Chatbots in Alleviating Mental Distress and Promoting Health Behaviors Among Adolescents and Young Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Xinyu Feng, Lidan Tian, Grace W K Ho, Janelle Yorke, Vivian Hui

J Med Internet Res 2025 (Nov 26); 27:e79850

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Evaluating Locally Run Large Language Models (Gemma 2, Mistral Nemo, and Llama 3) for Outpatient Otorhinolaryngology Care: Retrospective Study

Christoph Raphael Buhr, Christopher Seifen, Katharina Bahr-Hamm, Tilman Huppertz, Johannes Pordzik, Harry Smith, Tom Kelsey, Andrew Blaikie, Christoph Matthias, Sebastian Kuhn, Jonas Eckrich

JMIR Form Res 2025 (Nov 25); 9:e76896

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Engagement With Text Messaging Improves Cardiovascular Medication Adherence: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Rowan Shore-Plavec, Rachel Zucker, Thomas J Glorioso, Sheana Bull, Larry A Allen, Joseph J Saseen, Katy E Trinkley, Pamela Peterson, Joy Waughtal, P Michael Ho

J Med Internet Res 2025 (Nov 24); 27:e80794

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Chatbots’ Empathetic Conversations and Responses: A Qualitative Study of Help‑Seeking Queries on Depressive Moods Across 8 Commercial Conversational Agents

Hyojin Chin, Gumhee Baek, Chiyoung Cha, Meeyoung Cha

JMIR Form Res 2025 (Nov 24); 9:e71538

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Teaching Clinical Reasoning in Health Care Professions Learners Using AI-Generated Script Concordance Tests: Mixed Methods Formative Evaluation

Alexandre Hudon, Véronique Phan, Bernard Charlin, René Wittmer

JMIR Form Res 2025 (Nov 20); 9:e76618

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Development and Health System Deployment of an Electronic Health Record–Integrated Chatbot Intervention for Connecting Fall Risk Screening to Community Resources After Emergency Department Visits: Implementation Study

Audrey Keleman, Megan Bounds, Maxwell Lunt, Jennifer Portz, Bucky Ferozan, Jonathan Gomez Picazo, Kelly Bookman, Hillary D Lum, Elizabeth M Goldberg

JMIR Form Res 2025 (Nov 18); 9:e77237

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Application of Narrative and AI-Assisted Follow-Up After Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision: Multicenter, Double-Blind, Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial

Linfeng Wang, Yueqiang Peng, Gaojie Zhang, Yong Huang, Guo Yang, Yu Jiang, Qiao Xu, Jiang Yu, Jiajia Jin, Hong Qiao, Qingyu Wu, Ziling Wei, Wei Tang, Jiayu Liu

J Med Internet Res 2025 (Nov 17); 27:e68573

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Exploring Body Image Awareness With a Large Language Model–Based Conversational Agent: Qualitative Study With Young Adults

Xuan Zhang, Ahmed Zayed, Josefin Rehn Hamrin, Arzu Güneysu, Sanna Kuoppamäki

J Med Internet Res 2025 (Nov 17); 27:e78829

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Evaluation of Cancer Survivors’ Experience of Using AI-Based Conversational Tools: Qualitative Study

Saif Khairat, Hanna Mehraby, Safoora Masoumi, Melissa Coffel, Callie Rockey-Bartlett, Andrea Huang, William Wood, Ethan Basch

JMIR Cancer 2025 (Nov 14); 11:e77390

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Shesha, a WhatsApp Chatbot for Linking Household Contacts to Tuberculosis Treatment or Preventive Therapy in South Africa: Design and Development

Don Lawrence Mudzengi, Thobani Ntshiqa, Yohhei Hamada, Felex Ndebele, Thapelo Mpanza, Bridget Kyobutungi, Candice Williams, Meghan Kennealy, Molebogeng Rangaka, Kavindhran Velen, Salome Charalambous

JMIR Form Res 2025 (Nov 13); 9:e71793

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Generative AI Chatbot for Diabetes Management: Formative 2-Part Qualitative Study Using DTalksBot Involving Patients and Clinicians

Soyun Jeon, Seolhee Lee, Esther Hehsun Kim, Jinsu Eun, Kwangwon Lee, Hajin Lim, Joonhwan Lee

JMIR Form Res 2025 (Nov 12); 9:e72553

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Standardizing and Scaffolding Health Care AI-Chatbot Evaluation: Systematic Review

Yining Hua, Winna Xia, David Bates, George Luke Hartstein, Hyungjin Tom Kim, Michael Li, Benjamin W Nelson, Charles Stromeyer IV, Darlene King, Jina Suh, Li Zhou, John Torous

JMIR AI 2025 (Nov 07); 4:e69006

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