Zero-Shot Classification of Postoperative Complications From Real-World Discharge Letters According to the Clavien-Dindo System Using Large Language Models in Liver Surgery: Comparative Study

Sina Warmer   ^{1, 2} , MSc ;   Kamyar Arzideh   ^{1, 2} , MSc ;   Marie Morys   ^{1, 2} ;   Ahmad Idrissi-Yaghir   ^{1, 2} , MSc ;   Jan Bednarsch   ¹ , MD ;   Daniel Heise   ¹ , MD ;   Arzu Oezcelik   ¹ , MD ;   Marc Reschke   ¹ , MD ;   Tom F Ulmer   ¹ , MD ;   Ulf P Neumann   ^{1, 3} , MD ;   Felix Nensa   ^{1, 2} , MD ;   Katarzyna Borys   ^{1, 2} , MSc ;   René Hosch   ^{1, 2 *} , PhD ;   Sophia M Schmitz   ^{1 *} , MD

¹ Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

² Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (IKIM), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

³ Department of Surgery, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, The Netherlands

*these authors contributed equally