AI-Enhanced Social Robotic Versus Computer-Based Virtual Patients for Clinical Reasoning Training in Medical Education: Observational Crossover Cohort Study

Alexander Borg   ¹ , MD ;   Jonathan Schiött   ¹ , MS ;   William Ivegren   ¹ , MS ;   Cidem Gentline   ¹ , MD ;   Viking Huss   ² , MD ;   Anna Hugelius   ¹ , MD ;   Benjamin Jobs   ¹ , MD ;   Fabricio Espinosa   ¹ , MD, PhD ;   Mini Ruiz   ³ , MD, PhD ;   Samuel Edelbring   ^{4, 5} , PhD ;   Carina Georg   ⁶ , PhD ;   Gabriel Skantze   ⁷ , PhD ;   Ioannis Parodis   ^{1, 8} , MD, PhD

¹ Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, and Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Stockholm, Sweden

² Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

³ Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

⁴ School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden

⁵ School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

⁶ Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

⁷ Division of Speech Music and Hearing, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden

⁸ Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden