Comparative Evaluation of a Medical Large Language Model in Answering Real-World Radiation Oncology Questions: Multicenter Observational Study

Fabio Dennstädt   ¹ , MD ;   Max Schmerder   ¹ ;   Elena Riggenbach   ¹ , MD ;   Lucas Mose   ^{1, 2} , MD ;   Katarina Bryjova   ¹ , MD ;   Nicolas Bachmann   ¹ , MD ;   Paul-Henry Mackeprang   ¹ , MD, PhD ;   Maiwand Ahmadsei   ¹ , MD ;   Dubravko Sinovcic   ³ , MD ;   Paul Windisch   ³ , MD, PD ;   Daniel Zwahlen   ³ , Prof Dr ;   Susanne Rogers   ⁴ , MD, PhD ;   Oliver Riesterer   ⁴ , Prof Dr ;   Martin Maffei   ⁵ , MD ;   Eleni Gkika   ⁶ , Prof Dr ;   Hathal Haddad   ⁷ , MBBS, MD ;   Jan Peeken   ^{8, 9, 10} , PD, MD ;   Paul Martin Putora   ^{1, 11} , Prof Dr, PhD ;   Markus Glatzer   ¹¹ , MD ;   Florian Putz   ¹² , PD, MD ;   Daniel Hoefler   ¹² , MD ;   Sebastian M Christ   ^{13, 14} , MD, PhD ;   Irina Filchenko   ¹⁵ , MD, PhD ;   Janna Hastings   ^{16, 17, 18} , Prof Dr ;   Roberto Gaio   ¹ ;   Lawrence Chiang   ¹ ;   Daniel M Aebersold   ¹ , Prof Dr ;   Nikola Cihoric   ¹ , MD

¹ Inselspital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

² Department of Radiooncology and Radiotherapy, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

³ Department of Radiation Oncology, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland

⁴ Radiation Oncology Center Mittelland, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland

⁵ Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital of Bolzano, Teaching Hospital of Paracelsus Medical University, Bolzano, Italy

⁶ Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

⁷ Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

⁸ Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

⁹ Institute of Radiation Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich, Germany

¹⁰ German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany

¹¹ Department of Radiation Oncology, Health Ostschweiz (HOCH), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland

¹² Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

¹³ Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Zurich, Lausanne, Switzerland

¹⁴ Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

¹⁵ Inselspital, Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

¹⁶ School of Medicine, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland

¹⁷ Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Implementation Science in Health Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

¹⁸ Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland