Published on in Vol 26 (2024)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/52597, first published .
Large Language Models and Empathy: Systematic Review

Large Language Models and Empathy: Systematic Review

Large Language Models and Empathy: Systematic Review

Journals

  1. Mussawar B, Jaffri A, Khan M. Ludo Star Game Addiction and Aggression: Social Support and Empathy as Moderators. Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology 2024;5(4):607 View
  2. Talay L, Lagesen L, Yip A, Vickers M, Ahuja N. ChatGPT-4o and 4o1 Preview as Dietary Support Tools in a Real-World Medicated Obesity Program: A Prospective Comparative Analysis. Healthcare 2025;13(6):647 View
  3. Kim N, Lee J, Park S, On Y, Lee J, Keum M, Oh S, Song Y, Lee J, Won G, Shin J, Lho S, Hwang Y, Kim T. GPT-4 generated psychological reports in psychodynamic perspective: a pilot study on quality, risk of hallucination and client satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2025;16 View
  4. Trecca E, Caponio V, Turri‐Zanoni M, di Lullo A, Gaffuri M, Lechien J, Maniaci A, Maruccio G, Reale M, Visconti I, Dallari V. Comparative Analysis of Information Quality in Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology: Clinicians, Residents, and Large Language Models. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 2025;173(1):228 View
  5. Mileti A, de Cosmo L, Piper L, Baldassarre F, Schillaci E, Guido G. Tell Me How to Prompt! Healthcare Chatbots Response to Emotional Prompts for Enhanced Services. Review and Propositions. Journal of Economic Surveys 2025;39(5):2272 View
  6. Rabeyron T. Artificial intelligence and psychoanalysis: is it time for psychoanalyst.AI?. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2025;16 View
  7. Budler L, Chen H, Chen A, Topaz M, Tam W, Bian J, Stiglic G. A Brief Review on Benchmarking for Large Language Models Evaluation in Healthcare. WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 2025;15(2) View
  8. Huang Y, Wang W, Zhou J, Zhang L, Lin J, Liu H, Hu X, Zhou Z, Dong W. Integrative modeling enables ChatGPT to achieve average level of human counselors performance in mental health Q&A. Information Processing & Management 2025;62(5):104152 View
  9. Sun L, Gibbons C, Hernández-Orallo J, Wang X, Jiang L, Stillwell D, Luo F, Xie X. Beyond Benchmarks: Evaluating Generalist Medical Artificial Intelligence With Psychometrics. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2025;27:e70901 View
  10. Lai L, Pan Y, Xu R, Jiang Y. Depression and the use of conversational AI for companionship among college students: the mediating role of loneliness and the moderating effects of gender and mind perception. Frontiers in Public Health 2025;13 View
  11. Lopez-Gazpio I. Integrating Large Language Models into Accessible and Inclusive Education: Access Democratization and Individualized Learning Enhancement Supported by Generative Artificial Intelligence. Information 2025;16(6):473 View
  12. Udagedara T, Tran A, Bokhari S, Shiraga S, Abel S, Houghton C, Galvin K, Samakar K, Putnam L. A Comparative Analysis of the Accuracy and Readability of Popular Artificial Intelligence-Chat Bots for Inguinal Hernia Management. The American Surgeon™ 2025;91(10):1729 View
  13. Rubin M, Li J, Zimmerman F, Ong D, Goldenberg A, Perry A. Comparing the value of perceived human versus AI-generated empathy. Nature Human Behaviour 2025;9(11):2345 View
  14. Wang X, Zhou Y, Zhou G. The Application and Ethical Implication of Generative AI in Mental Health: Systematic Review. JMIR Mental Health 2025;12:e70610 View
  15. Samuel A, Larsen K, Durning S. A Self‐Compassion Toolbox for Clinical Educators in the Era of ChatGPT. The Clinical Teacher 2025;22(4) View
  16. Ofem O. The Competence Paradox: Rethinking Goal-Setting in the Age of Algorithmic Management. Human Resource Development Review 2025 View
  17. Pareek S, Jain G. Perceived Authorship and Conversational Evaluations: A Study on AI-Generated vs. Human Therapist Dialogue. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science 2025 View
  18. Nanda M, Gabriel R, Sakai T. Leveraging Large Language Models to Enhance Emotional Intelligence Training in Anesthesiology. Anesthesiology 2025;143(3):504 View
  19. Bálint Á, Jenák I, Rab V. Three scenarios of development: a predictive psychobiography of ChatGPT. International Review of Psychiatry 2025;37(5):487 View
  20. Sundar K. When Patients Arrive With Answers. JAMA 2025;334(8):672 View
  21. Brescia V, Degregori G, Cavazza A. Artificial intelligence and knowledge management in healthcare: a pathway to SDGs achievement. VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems 2025 View
  22. Grünebaum A, Chervenak F. Generative artificial intelligence for counseling of fetal malformations following ultrasound diagnosis. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2025 View
  23. Krumsvik R, Johansen M, Slettvoll V. Artificial intelligence, health empowerment, and the general practitioner scheme. DIGITAL HEALTH 2025;11 View
  24. Yu L, Ge Y, Ansari S, Imran M, Ahmad W. Multimodal Sensing-Enabled Large Language Models for Automated Emotional Regulation: A Review of Current Technologies, Opportunities, and Challenges. Sensors 2025;25(15):4763 View
  25. Burla L, Metzler J, Kalaitzopoulos D, Kamm S, Ormos M, Passweg D, Schraag S, Samartzis E, Samartzis N, Witzel I, Imesch P. Artificial intelligence in endometriosis care: A comparative analysis of large language model and human specialist responses to endometriosis-related queries. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2025;313:114625 View
  26. López-Faican L, Jaen J, Torres-Carrión H. SocialTasksAR: a multiplayer social application with geolocated-augmented reality. Human–Computer Interaction 2025:1 View
  27. Cazares M, Miño-Ayala J, Ortiz I, Andrade R. Designing Trustworthy AI Systems for PTSD Follow-Up. Technologies 2025;13(8):361 View
  28. Montiel-Vázquez E, Arzate Cruz C, Adolfo Ramírez Uresti J, González Mendoza M, Gomez R. A Survey on Integration of Empathy Cues Into Empathetic Text Generation. IEEE Access 2025;13:140791 View
  29. Carl N, Haggenmüller S, Winterstein J, Nguyen L, Wies C, Hetz M, Mangold M, Grüne B, Michel M, Brinker T, Wessels F. Patient insights into empathy, compassion and self-disclosure in medical large language models: results from the IPALLM III study. World Journal of Urology 2025;43(1) View
  30. Motegi M, Noda T, Morino T, Torii J, Ohto H, Yoshida S, Tada H, Matsuyama T, Chikamatsu K. ChatGPT's Role in Addressing the Real-World Concerns of Adolescents With Hearing Loss: Insights From Otolaryngologists With Lived Experience. Journal of Adolescent Health 2025;77(4):771 View
  31. Dongre P, Behravan M, Gračanin D. Empathic extended reality in the era of generative AI. Empathic Computing 2025 View
  32. Li K, Peng Y, Li L, Liu B, Huang Z. Evaluating ChatGPT’s Utility in Biologic Therapy for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Comparative Study of ChatGPT and Google Web Search. JMIR Formative Research 2025;9:e76458 View
  33. Yankouskaya A, Babiker A, Rizvi S, Alshakhsi S, Liebherr M, Ali R. LLM-D12: A Dual-Dimensional Scale of Instrumental and Relational Dependencies on Large Language Models. ACM Transactions on the Web 2025 View
  34. Giabbanelli P, Daumas C, Flandre N, Pitkar A, Vazquez-Estrada J. Promoting empathy in decision-making by turning agent-based models into stories using large-language models. Journal of Simulation 2025:1 View
  35. Artsi Y, Sorin V, Glicksberg B, Korfiatis P, Freeman R, Nadkarni G, Klang E. Challenges of Implementing LLMs in Clinical Practice: Perspectives. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2025;14(17):6169 View
  36. Dong Y, Zhang Z, Zhi Y, Li X, Guo T, He L, Zhao S, Yang X, Tang J, Zhong W, Niu Q, Ma M, Huang Z, Mao Y. Evaluating large language models' performance in answering common questions on drug-induced liver injury. JHEP Reports 2025;7(12):101579 View
  37. Mattingly T. Substitute Economics and the Threat of Artificial Intelligence Providing Pharmaceutical Care. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 2025;89(10):101867 View
  38. Xu X, Wen N, Cai R. Empathy order effects on shaping GenAI online complaint management in tourism. Tourism Management 2026;113:105304 View
  39. Xiao Y, Pan Q, Liu H, He Y, Zhang Y, Jiang N. Evaluating large language models for mild cognitive impairment among older adults: A bilingual comparison of ChatGPT, Gemini, and Kimi. Health Informatics Journal 2025;31(3) View
  40. Balan R, Gumpel T. ChatGPT clinical use in mental healthcare: A scoping review of empirical evidence (Preprint). JMIR Mental Health 2025 View
  41. Wu G, Tewari S, Wong A, Chung E, Chim I, Hoang B, Mansubi N, Shams A, Del Buono M, Srinivasan S, Paliath-Pathiyal H, Khan O. Chatbots and Diabetes: Is There Gender Bias?. Journal of Patient Experience 2025;12 View
  42. Hong Y, Li X, Sung Y. How anthropomorphism impacts users' self-disclosure and evaluation of empathetic conversational agents. Interacting with Computers 2025 View
  43. Boit S, Patil R. A Prompt Engineering Framework for Large Language Model–Based Mental Health Chatbots: Conceptual Framework. JMIR Mental Health 2025;12:e75078 View
  44. Tarhini A, Dave P, El Naqa I. General artificial intelligence for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer: the rise of foundation models. BJR|Artificial Intelligence 2025;2(1) View
  45. Manai S, Gemme L, Zanoli R, Lavelli A. The IDRE Dataset in Practice: Training and Evaluation of Small-to-Medium-Sized LLMs for Empathetic Rephrasing. Electronics 2025;14(20):4052 View
  46. Boys Smith N, Salingaros N. AI Judging Architecture for Well-Being: Large Language Models Simulate Human Empathy and Predict Public Preference. Designs 2025;9(5):118 View
  47. Gherman D, Zander T. Towards neuroadaptive chatbots: a feasibility study. Frontiers in Neuroergonomics 2025;6 View
  48. Rokhshad R, Tichy A, Ducret M, Chaurasia A, Uribe S, Gambelin O, Schwendicke F. The ethics and governance of large language models in dentistry: A framework for research and clinical implementation. Journal of Dentistry 2026;164:106187 View
  49. Kim G, Choi Y. A Study on Enhancing Rapport in Qualitative Interviews with UX Practitioners Using AI Virtual Interviewees and Big Five Personality Theory (NEO-PI-R)-Based Prompts. Journal of Digital Contents Society 2025;26(9):2313 View
  50. Duan L, Yao Z, Li X, Wu Y, Sheng D. Comparing large language models and human doctors in symptom-driven online medical consultations: A case study on trigeminal neuralgia. DIGITAL HEALTH 2025;11 View
  51. Oliveira I, Souza R, Batista J, Silvano I, Leite A, Nunes R. Ética, empatia e IA: como equilibrar decisões automatizadas e julgamento clínico humanizado. Cuadernos de Educación y Desarrollo 2025;17(10):e9794 View
  52. Wu J, Wu X, Zheng Y, Yang J. Clinical pathway-aware large language models for reliable and transparent medical dialogue. Journal of Biomedical Informatics 2025;172:104942 View
  53. Oppenheimer D, Cash T, Connell Pensky A. You’ve Got AI Friend in Me: LLMs as Collaborative Learning Partners. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 2025 View
  54. Oh S, An N, Cho Y, Jung M, Kim K. When LLMs Recognize Your Space: Research on Experiences with Spatially Aware LLM Agents. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 2025;31(11):10090 View
  55. Jurišević N, Nikolić N, Nemś A, Gordić D, Rakić N, Končalović D, Kocsis D. Bridging LLMs, Education, and Sustainability: Guiding Students in Local Community Initiatives. Sustainability 2025;17(22):10148 View
  56. Yu T, Pan S, Fan C, Luo S, Jin Y, Zhao B. Can large language models exhibit cognitive and affective empathy as humans?. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans 2025;6:100233 View
  57. Aguzzi G, Magnini M, Farahmand A, Ferretti S, Pengo M, Montagna S. RAG-Enhanced Open SLMs for Hypertension Management Chatbots. Journal of Medical Systems 2025;49(1) View
  58. Bergmann L, Beckenbach R, Zach L, Roth B, Tran U. One and a Half Years of ChatGPT – An Umbrella Review of Large Language Model (LLM) Perception Across Time and Research Fields. Zeitschrift für Psychologie 2025 View
  59. Zhou H, Zhu Z, Oh K, Hong S. Empowering Informal Caregivers of Persons with Early-Stage Dementia by Large Language Models: Mixed Methods Evaluation (Preprint). JMIR Formative Research 2025 View

Books/Policy Documents

  1. Domi A, Uricchio T, Giaconi C, Ceccacci S. Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. View
  2. Fu M, Chan W. Oxford Intersections: AI in Society. View
  3. Buddarapu V, Lynch C. Artificial Intelligence in Education. View

Conference Proceedings

  1. Beaumont K, Oravec M, Emerson H, Penton-Voak I, Houghton C. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Can LLMs be used to Quantify the Emotional Salience of Text Statements using an Elo Rating System? View
  2. Lim S, Schmälzle R, Bente G. Adjunct Proceedings of the 25th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents. A VR-Based Paradigm for Examining Relationship-Building Behaviors in LLM-Driven Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVAs) View
  3. Zhou C, Kraus M, Nasir J, Mahesh B, André E. Adjunct Proceedings of the 25th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents. From AI-Driven Emotion Recognition to Emotional Labor Support: Proactive Virtual Agents in Healthcare View
  4. Lin R, Shen S, Hu W, He Q, Xiong A, Huang L, Hu H, Tan Y. Proceedings of the 33rd ACM International Conference on Multimedia. E3RG: Building Explicit Emotion-driven Empathetic Response Generation System with Multimodal Large Language Model View
  5. Cruz C, Montiel-Vazquez E, Maeda C, Gomez R. 2025 34th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN). When and How to Express Empathy in Human-Robot Interaction Scenarios View