Understanding the Nature of Metadata: Systematic Review

¹ IT Center for Clinical Research , University of Lübeck , Lübeck , DE

² Institute of Medical Informatics , University of Lübeck , Lübeck , DE

³ Chair of Medical Informatics , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen , DE

⁴ Department Epidemiology of Health Care and Community Health, Institute for Community Medicine , University Medicine Greifswald , Greifswald , DE

⁵ Federated Information Systems , German Cancer Research Center , Heidelberg , DE

⁶ Complex Data Processing in Medical Informatics , University Medical Center Mannheim , Mannheim , DE

⁷ Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center , German Center for Lung Research , Justus-Liebig-University , Giessen , DE

⁸ Institute of Medical Informatics , University Hospital RWTH Aachen , Aachen , DE

⁹ Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology , Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , DE

¹⁰ Institute of Medical Informatics , University of Münster , Münster , DE

¹¹ Institute of Medical Informatics , Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , DE