Published on in Vol 23, No 10 (2021): October

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/26821, first published .
Psychometric Properties of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (IGDS9-SF): Systematic Review

Psychometric Properties of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (IGDS9-SF): Systematic Review

Psychometric Properties of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (IGDS9-SF): Systematic Review

Journals

  1. Žmavc M, Pontes H, Griffiths M, Selak Š, Sudzina F. Psychometric properties of the Slovenian version of Internet Disorder Scale–IDS-15. PLOS ONE 2022;17(10):e0276663 View
  2. Islam M, Jahan I, Dewan M, Pontes H, Koly K, Sikder M, Rahman M, Nakamura K. Psychometric properties of three online-related addictive behavior instruments among Bangladeshi school-going adolescents. PLOS ONE 2022;17(12):e0279062 View
  3. Charzyńska E, Brytek-Matera A, Atroszko P. The Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale May Be Simplified and Diagnostically Improved: The Same Prevalence but Different Severity and Risk Factors of Food Addiction among Female and Male Students. Nutrients 2022;14(19):4041 View
  4. Cheng M, Chen L, Pan Q, Gao Y, Li J. E−sports playing and its relation to lifestyle behaviors and psychological well-being: A large-scale study of collegiate e-sports players in China. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 2023;51:101731 View
  5. Lin C, Tsai C, Fan C, Griffiths M, Chang C, Yen C, Pakpour A. Psychometric Evaluation of Three Versions of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Full, Eight-Item, and Three-Item Versions) among Sexual Minority Men in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2022;19(13):8095 View
  6. Balhara Y, Singh S, Gupta P. What Constitutes ‘Gaming’ in the Gaming Disorder?: Observations and Recommendations. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 2023;45(3):297 View
  7. Costes J, Bonnaire C. Spending Money in Free-to-Play Games: Sociodemographic Characteristics, Motives, Impulsivity and Internet Gaming Disorder Specificities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2022;19(23):15709 View
  8. Cudo A, Montag C, Pontes H. Psychometric Assessment and Gender Invariance of the Polish Version of the Gaming Disorder Test. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2024;22(3):1333 View
  9. Maldonado-Murciano L, Guilera G, Montag C, Pontes H. Disordered gaming in esports: Comparing professional and non-professional gamers. Addictive Behaviors 2022;132:107342 View
  10. Junus A, Hsu Y, Wong C, Yip P. Is internet gaming disorder associated with suicidal behaviors among the younger generation? Multiple logistic regressions on a large-scale purposive sampling survey. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2023;161:2 View
  11. Chang C, Huang R, Strong C, Lin Y, Tsai M, Chen I, Lin C, Pakpour A, Griffiths M. Reciprocal Relationships Between Problematic Social Media Use, Problematic Gaming, and Psychological Distress Among University Students: A 9-Month Longitudinal Study. Frontiers in Public Health 2022;10 View
  12. Hou C, Rutherford R, Chang H, Chang F, Shumei L, Chiu C, Chen P, Chiang J, Miao N, Chuang H, Tseng C, Matsuki T. Children’s mobile-gaming preferences, online risks, and mental health. PLOS ONE 2022;17(12):e0278290 View
  13. Kakul F, Javed S. Internet Gaming Disorder. Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior 2023;6(1):36 View
  14. Alimoradi Z, Lin C, Ullah I, Griffiths M, Pakpour A. Item Response Theory Analysis of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S): A Systematic Review. Psychology Research and Behavior Management 2022;Volume 15:581 View
  15. Yamamoto N, Morimoto Y, Kinoshita H, Kumazaki H, Honda S, Iwanaga R, Imamura A, Ozawa H. Game‐related behaviors among children and adolescents after school closure during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A cross‐sectional study. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports 2022;1(3) View
  16. Alshammari T, Alseraye S, Rogowska A, Alrasheed N, Alshammari M. Examining the Indirect Effect of Online Gaming on Depression via Sleep Inequality and Anxiety—A Serial and Parallel Mediation Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2022;11(24):7293 View
  17. González-Cabrera J, Basterra-González A, Ortega-Barón J, Caba-Machado V, Díaz-López A, Pontes H, Machimbarrena J. Loot box purchases and their relationship with internet gaming disorder and online gambling disorder in adolescents: A prospective study. Computers in Human Behavior 2023;143:107685 View
  18. Li Y, Mu W, Xie X, Kwok S. Network analysis of internet gaming disorder, problematic social media use, problematic smartphone use, psychological distress, and meaning in life among adolescents. DIGITAL HEALTH 2023;9 View
  19. Li L, Mamun M, Al-Mamun F, Ullah I, Hosen I, Zia S, Poorebrahim A, Pourgholami M, Lin C, Pontes H, Griffiths M, Pakpour A. A network analysis of the Internet Disorder Scale–Short Form (IDS9-SF): A large-scale cross-cultural study in Iran, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Current Psychology 2023;42(25):21994 View
  20. Chen I, Chang K, Chang C, Huang S, Potenza M, Pakpour A, Lin C. Temporal associations between problematic use of the internet and self-stigma among people with substance use disorders: A cross-lagged model across one year. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2022;156:339 View
  21. Lee K, Chen C, Chen J, Liu C, Chang K, Fung X, Chen J, Kao Y, Potenza M, Pakpour A, Lin C. Exploring mediational roles for self-stigma in associations between types of problematic use of internet and psychological distress in youth with ADHD. Research in Developmental Disabilities 2023;133:104410 View
  22. Yang S, Wang Y, Lee Y, Lin Y, Hsieh P, Lin P. Does Smartphone Addiction, Social Media Addiction, and/or Internet Game Addiction Affect Adolescents’ Interpersonal Interactions?. Healthcare 2022;10(5):963 View
  23. Alijanzadeh M, Lin C, Yahaghi R, Rahmani J, Yazdi N, Jafari E, Alijani H, Zamani N, Fotuhi R, Taherkhani E, Buchali Z, Jafari R, Mahmoudi N, Poorzolfaghar L, Ahmadizade S, Shahbazkhania A, Alimoradi Z, Pakpour A. Measurement Invariance and Differential Item Functioning of the Health Literacy Instrument for Adults (HELIA): A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study in Iran. Healthcare 2022;10(10):2064 View
  24. Zhang Y, Zhong Y, Luo J, He J, Lin C, Zauszniewski J, Zhou J, Chen Y, Wu C, Wang S, Li Z, Tang J, Li W, Wu J, Luo J. Effects of resourcefulness on internet game addiction among college students: The mediating role of anxiety and the moderating role of gender. Frontiers in Public Health 2023;11 View
  25. Lin C, Tsai C, Jian C, Chao S, Wang P, Lin H, Huang M, Yeh Y, Liu T, Chen C, Lin Y, Lee S, Chen C, Wang Y, Chang Y, Chen Y, Yen C. Comparing the Psychometric Properties among Three Versions of the UCLA Loneliness Scale in Individuals with Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2022;19(14):8443 View
  26. Huang P, Chen J, Potenza M, Griffiths M, Pakpour A, Chen J, Lin Y, Hung C, O'Brien K, Lin C. Temporal associations between physical activity and three types of problematic use of the internet: A six-month longitudinal study. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 2022;11(4):1055 View
  27. Cao C, Dang C, Zheng X, Chen W, Chen I, Gamble J. The Psychometric Properties of the DASS-21 and Its Association with Problematic Internet Use among Chinese College Freshmen. Healthcare 2023;11(5):700 View
  28. Saffari M, Chen H, Chang C, Fan C, Huang S, Chen J, Chang K, Lin C. Effects of sleep quality on the association between problematic internet use and quality of life in people with substance use disorder. BJPsych Open 2022;8(5) View
  29. Huang M, Chang Y, Lin C, Yen C. A Newly Developed Scale for Assessing Experienced and Anticipated Sexual Stigma in Health-Care Services for Gay and Bisexual Men. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2022;19(21):13877 View
  30. Bersani F, Accinni T, Carbone G, Corazza O, Panno A, Prevete E, Bernabei L, Massullo C, Burkauskas J, Tarsitani L, Pasquini M, Biondi M, Farina B, Imperatori C. Problematic Use of the Internet Mediates the Association between Reduced Mentalization and Suicidal Ideation: A Cross-Sectional Study in Young Adults. Healthcare 2022;10(5):948 View
  31. Lakhdir M, Hameed A, Hasnani F, Angez M, Nawaz M, Khan M, Peerwani G, Nathwani A, Azam S. Demographic and Psychosocial Factors associated with Internet Addiction among the Pakistani Population during COVID-19: A Web-Based Survey. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 2022;59 View
  32. Chen I, Chen H, Gamble J, Liao X, Chen X, Yang Y, Pakpour A, Griffiths M, Lin C. Evaluating a cross-lagged panel model between problematic internet use and psychological distress and cross-level mediation of school administrator support on problematic internet use: The serial mediating role of psychological needs thwarting of online teaching and psychological distress. Frontiers in Public Health 2022;10 View
  33. Tung S, Gan W, Chen J, Ruckwongpatr K, Pramukti I, Nadhiroh S, Chang Y, Lin C, Pakpour A, Lin C, Griffiths M. Internet-Related Instruments (Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale, Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form, and Nomophobia Questionnaire) and Their Associations with Distress among Malaysian University Students. Healthcare 2022;10(8):1448 View
  34. Sales-Filho G, Bandeira I, Argollo N, Lucena R. Hikikomori Syndrome and Digital Technologies: A Systematic Review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 2023;31(2):50 View
  35. Matsuzaki T, Nishimura K, Higuchi S. Screening for forms of problematic Internet usage. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 2023;50:101260 View
  36. Bumozah H, Al-Quwaidhi A, AL-Ghadeeb R. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Internet Gaming Disorder Among Female Secondary School Students in Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023 View
  37. Lin C, Mamun M, Mamun F, Ullah I, Hosen I, Malik N, Fatima A, Poorebrahim A, Pourgholami M, Potenza M, Pakpour A. A phubbing scale tested in Bangladesh, Iran, and Pakistan: confirmatory factor, network, and Rasch analyses. BMC Psychiatry 2023;23(1) View
  38. Ghazi F, Gan W, Tung S, Chen I, Poon W, Siaw Y, Ruckwongpatr K, Chen J, Huang S, Griffiths M, Lin C. Problematic Gaming in Malaysian University Students: Translation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Malay Language Versions of Gaming Disorder Test and Gaming Disorder Scale for Young Adults. Evaluation & the Health Professions 2024;47(1):93 View
  39. Gandolfi E, Ferdig R, Krause K, Copus A, Ostrowski-Delahanty S, Alemagno S. Problematic Gaming at a Crossroad: Exploring the Interplay Between Internet Gaming Disorder, Toxic Attitudes, and Empathy in Digital Entertainment. Games and Culture 2025;20(5):633 View
  40. Burén J, Nutley S, Crisci G, Thorell L. Evidence of a two-factor structure for Internet Gaming Disorder and Social Media Disorder: Psychometric properties of a new screening instrument for adolescents and adults. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 2023;45(3):702 View
  41. Chang C, Chen J, Huang S, Potenza M, Su J, Chang K, Pakpour A, Lin C. Problematic smartphone use and two types of problematic use of the internet and self-stigma among people with substance use disorders. Addictive Behaviors 2023;147:107807 View
  42. Scalone A, Santoro G, Cavallo J, Melita A, Gori A, Schimmenti A. Press Play to Feel: The Role of Attachment Styles and Alexithymic Features in Problematic Gaming. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2023;20(20):6910 View
  43. Yang Y, Su J, Pimsen A, Chen J, Potenza M, Pakpour A, Chen J, Poon W, Nurmala I, Ruckwongpatr K, Lin C. Validation of the Thai Assessment of Criteria for Specific Internet-use Disorders (ACSID-11) among young adults. BMC Psychiatry 2023;23(1) View
  44. Qiao X, Chen X, Zhu Y, Shi X. Developmental trajectories and predictors of Internet gaming disorder across the university years: A person-centered five-wave cohort study. Addictive Behaviors 2024;149:107898 View
  45. Chen I, Chang Y, Yang Y, Yeh Y, Ahorsu D, Adjorlolo S, Strong C, Hsieh Y, Huang P, Pontes H, Griffiths M, Lin C. Psychometric properties and development of the Chinese versions of Gaming Disorder Test (GDT) and Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents (GADIS-A). Asian Journal of Psychiatry 2023;86:103638 View
  46. Xu P, Hao X, Luo D, Lai M, Sun X, Xu J. Problematic internet gaming and non-suicidal self-injury in Chinese adolescents: Moderating and mediating roles of anxiety. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2023;125:152398 View
  47. Lin C, Potenza M, Pontes H, Pakpour A. Psychometric properties of the Persian Gaming Disorder Test and relationships with psychological distress and insomnia in adolescents. BMC Psychology 2023;11(1) View
  48. Lin Y, Yen J, Lin P, Liao H, Ko C. Circadian typologies and insomnia in individuals with internet gaming disorder comorbid with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Scientific Reports 2023;13(1) View
  49. El Keshky M, Alballa T. Factor structure and psychometric properties of an Arabic version of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, short form (IGDS-SF9). Frontiers in Public Health 2023;11 View
  50. Kavanagh M, Brett C, Brignell C. The role of self-esteem in triggering and maintaining gaming for people with gaming disorder cut-off scores and above average gaming disorder scores: A quasi-experimental study. Computers in Human Behavior 2024;152:108051 View
  51. Huot‐Lavoie M, Desmeules C, Corbeil O, Béchard L, Brodeur S, Essiambre A, Thériault C, Anderson E, Bachand L, Haider Z, Abdel‐Baki A, Khazaal Y, Giroux I, Demers M, Roy M. Impact of gaming disorder on first episode psychosis patients' evolution: Protocol for a multicentered prospective study. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2024;18(6):439 View
  52. Pakpour A, Jafari E, Zanjanchi F, Potenza M, Lin C. The YouTube Addiction Scale: Psychometric Evidence for a New Instrument Developed Based on the Component Model of Addiction. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2025;23(3):2052 View
  53. Pramukti I, Nurmala I, Nadhiroh S, Tung S, Gan W, Siaw Y, Yang Y, Griffiths M, Lin C, Pakpour A. Problematic Use of Internet Among Indonesia University Students: Psychometric Evaluation of Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale and Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form. Psychiatry Investigation 2023;20(12):1103 View
  54. Coșa I, Dobrean A, Balazsi R. Measurement Invariance of the Lemmens Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-9 Across Age, Gender, and Respondents. Psychiatric Quarterly 2024;95(1):137 View
  55. Chen C, Lee K, Fung X, Chen J, Lai Y, Potenza M, Chang K, Fang C, Pakpour A, Lin C. Problematic Use of Internet Associates with Poor Quality of Life via Psychological Distress in Invididuals with ADHD. Psychology Research and Behavior Management 2024;Volume 17:443 View
  56. Hammad M, AL-shahrani H. Impulsivity and aggression as risk factors for internet gaming disorder among university students. Scientific Reports 2024;14(1) View
  57. Huang Y, Ruckwongpatr K, Chen J, Pakpour A, Siaw Y, Nadhiroh S, Kukreti S, Chen J, Potenza M, Griffiths M, Lin C. Specific Internet Disorders in University Students in Taiwan and Hong Kong: Psychometric Properties with Invariance Testing for the Traditional Chinese Version of the Assessment of Criteria for Specific Internet-Use Disorders (ACSID-11). International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2025;23(4):2942 View
  58. Li X, Chen X, Zhu Y, Shi X. Longitudinal Associations of Social Anxiety Trajectories with Internet-Related Addictive Behaviors Among College Students: A Five-Wave Survey Study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2025;23(5):3467 View
  59. Lin S, Chen X, Tan L, Liao Z, Li Y, Tang Y, Huang Q, Shen H. Psychometric Properties of the Metacognitions About Online Gaming Scale in the Chinese Population and Its Relationship With Internet Gaming Disorder: Cross-Sectional Study. JMIR Serious Games 2024;12:e45985 View
  60. Sánchez-Fernández M, Borda-Mas M, Rivera F, Griffiths M. Problematic Online Behaviours among University Students and Associations with Psychological Distress Symptoms and Emotional Role Limitations: A Network Analysis Approach. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2025;23(5):3368 View
  61. Cho K, Kim M, Cho Y, Hur J, Kim D, Park S, Park S, Jang M, Lee C, Kwon J. Digital Phenotypes for Early Detection of Internet Gaming Disorder in Adolescent Students: Explorative Data-Driven Study. JMIR Mental Health 2024;11:e50259 View
  62. Lecuona O, Lin C, Montag C, Pontes H, Pakpour A. A Network Analysis of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (IGDS9-SF): An Intercontinental Large-Scale Study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2025;23(5):3779 View
  63. Tadpatrikar A, Sharma M, Bhargav H, Anand N, Sharma P, Sharma S. Yoga as an Adjuvant with Multimodal Psychological Interventions for Excessive Use of Technology: A Randomized Controlled Trial from India. International Journal of Yoga 2024;17(1):37 View
  64. Wong M, Yuan G, Liu C, Lam S, Fung H. The relationship between internet gaming disorder, sleeping quality, self-compassion, physical activity participation and psychological distress: A path analysis. Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health 2024;11 View
  65. Brown T, Smith R, Zarate D, Griffiths M, Stavropoulos V. Exploring user-avatar bond profiles: Longitudinal impacts on internet gaming disorder. Computers in Human Behavior 2024;159:108340 View
  66. Bore P, Nilsson S, Andersson M, Oehm K, Attvall J, Håkansson A, Claesdotter-Knutsson E. Effectiveness and Acceptability of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Family Therapy for Gaming Disorder: Protocol for a Nonrandomized Intervention Study of a Novel Psychological Treatment. JMIR Research Protocols 2024;13:e56315 View
  67. Alshammari T, Rogowska A, Alobaid A, Alharthi N, Albaker A, Alshammari M. Examining Anxiety and Insomnia in Internship Students and Their Association with Internet Gaming Disorder. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2024;13(14):4054 View
  68. Ayaz-Alkaya S, Akca A. The Impact of Traditional Children’s Games on Internet Use, Social Skills, and Stress Level: A Cross-Sectional Design. Journal of Transcultural Nursing 2025;36(1):84 View
  69. Aslan O, Topuz İ, Eldeleklioğlu J. Investigating the mediating role of digital game addiction in the relationship between adolescents’ school belonging and resilience. Educational and Developmental Psychologist 2025;42(1):37 View
  70. Blandón-Castaño J, Puerta-Cortés D, Carmona A, Ivern J, Vilca L, Carbonell X, Caycho-Rodríguez T. Cross-cultural Invariance of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short-Form (IGDS9-SF) in Seven Latin American Countries. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2024 View
  71. Wei X, Zhou H, Zheng Q, Ren L, Chen N, Wang P, Liu C. Longitudinal Interactions between Problematic Internet Gaming and Symptoms of Depression Among University Students: Differentiating Anhedonia and Depressed Mood. Addictive Behaviors 2025;160:108184 View
  72. Fong T, Cui K, Yip P. Interaction Effects Between Low Self-Control and Meaning in Life on Internet Gaming Disorder Symptoms and Functioning in Chinese Adolescents: Cross-Sectional Latent Moderated Structural Equation Modeling Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024;26:e59490 View
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  79. Hunag Y, Ahorsu D, Adjaottor E, Addo F, Griffiths M, Pakpour A, Lin C. Instruments Assessing Problematic Use of the Internet and Their Associations with Psychological Distress among Ghanaian University Students. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion 2024;0(0):1 View
  80. Ning Y, Wang L, Chen X, Lu X, Gamble J, Chen X, Jiang X, Chen I, Lin P. The Association between Problematic Internet Use, Resilience, and Fatigue in First-Year Medical College Students in China: A Moderated Mediation Model. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion 2025;27(1):51 View
  81. Wang J, Chen X, Huang M, Liu R, Chen I, Flett G. Latent Profile Analysis: Mattering Concepts, Problematic Internet Use, and Adaptability in Chinese University Students. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion 2025;27(2):241 View
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Books/Policy Documents

  1. Griffiths M, Calado F, Fino E, Kircaburun K, Pontes H. Maladaptive Consumer Behavior. View