Published on in Vol 28 (2026)

1 Department of Surgery, Nemours Anesthesia and Surgical Outcomes Center, Nemours Children's Hospital, Delaware, Wilmington, DE, United States
2 Center for Biobehavioral Health, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
3 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
4 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
5 Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
6 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Nemours Children's Hospital, Delaware, Wilmington, DE, United States
