Published on in Vol 28 (2026)

1 Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2 Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3 School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
4 Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
5 Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
6 Clinical Robotics and Embodied AI Research Center, Smart Healthcare Research Institute, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
7 Cancer Education Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
*these authors contributed equally
