Ethics of Autonomous AI Clinical Trials: Delphi Study

Ariadne A Nichol   ¹ , MD ;   Alaa Youssef   ² , PhD ;   David B Larson   ² , MBA, MD ;   Michael Abramoff   ³ , MD, PhD ;   Risa M Wolf   ⁴ , MD ;   Danton Char   ^{1, 5} , MS, MD ;   Nicole Martinez-Martin   ^{1, 6} , JD, PhD

¹ Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States

² Department of Radiology, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States

³ Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA, United States

⁴ Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States

⁵ Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States

⁶ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States