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This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Electronic/Mobile Data Capture, Internet-based Survey & Research Methodology (1727) Advanced Data Analytics in eHealth (341) Recruitment of Research Participants (463) Registered Report (1504) JMIR Theme Issue: COVID-19 Special Issue (4233)

Published on in Vol 28 (2026)

This is a member publication of University of Toronto

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/88838, first published .
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Battling the Bots and Defending Against Fraudulent Responses in an International Community-Engaged Web-Based Survey With People Living With Long COVID: Methodological Study

Battling the Bots and Defending Against Fraudulent Responses in an International Community-Engaged Web-Based Survey With People Living With Long COVID: Methodological Study

Authors of this article:

Kiera McDuff1 Author Orcid Image ;   Tai-Te Su1, 2 Author Orcid Image ;   Darren A Brown3, 4 Author Orcid Image ;   Jessica M Martin1 Author Orcid Image ;   Soo Chan Carusone5 Author Orcid Image ;   Sarah O'Connell6 Author Orcid Image ;   Imelda O'Donovan6 Author Orcid Image ;   Natalie St. Clair-Sullivan7 Author Orcid Image ;   Liam Townsend8, 9 Author Orcid Image ;   Susie Goulding10 Author Orcid Image ;   Mary Kelly4 Author Orcid Image ;   Lisa McCorkell11 Author Orcid Image ;   Hannah Wei12 Author Orcid Image ;   Margaret O'Hara13 Author Orcid Image ;   Leticia Soares11 Author Orcid Image ;   Lisa Avery14, 15 Author Orcid Image ;   Ciaran Bannan8, 9 Author Orcid Image ;   Colm Bergin8, 9 Author Orcid Image ;   Richard Harding7 Author Orcid Image ;   Julia Nathanson1 Author Orcid Image ;   Patricia Solomon16 Author Orcid Image ;   Angela M Cheung17, 18, 19 Author Orcid Image ;   Jaimie Vera20, 21 Author Orcid Image ;   Kelly K O'Brien1, 17, 22 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by Tweetations Metrics

Kiera McDuff   1 , BSc (Hons) Kin, MScPT ;   Tai-Te Su   1, 2 , PhD ;   Darren A Brown   3, 4 , OBE, BSc, MSc, MRes, FCSP ;   Jessica M Martin   1 , BSc, MSc ;   Soo Chan Carusone   5 , PhD ;   Sarah O'Connell   6 ;   Imelda O'Donovan   6 ;   Natalie St. Clair-Sullivan   7 , PhD, PT ;   Liam Townsend   8, 9 , MD, PhD ;   Susie Goulding   10 ;   Mary Kelly   4 , PT ;   Lisa McCorkell   11 , MPP ;   Hannah Wei   12 , BComp ;   Margaret O'Hara   13 ;   Leticia Soares   11 ;   Lisa Avery   14, 15 , PhD ;   Ciaran Bannan   8, 9 , MD, PhD ;   Colm Bergin   8, 9 , MB, MD ;   Richard Harding   7 , PhD ;   Julia Nathanson   1 , BA ;   Patricia Solomon   16 , PhD ;   Angela M Cheung   17, 18, 19 , MD, PhD ;   Jaimie Vera   20, 21 , MD, PhD ;   Kelly K O'Brien   1, 17, 22 , BSc, BScPT, PhD

1 Department of Physical Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

2 School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

3 Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom

4 Long COVID Physio, London, United Kingdom

5 McMaster Collaborative for Health and Aging, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

6 Long COVID Advocacy Ireland, Dublin, Ireland

7 Cicely Saunders Institute, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing Midwifery and Palliative Care, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

8 Department of Infectious Diseases, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

9 Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

10 COVID Long Haulers Support Group, Cambridge, ON, Canada

11 Patient-Led Research Collaborative, Oakland, CA, United States

12 Patient-Led Research Collaborative, Ottawa, ON, Canada

13 Long Covid Support UK, Birmingham, United Kingdom

14 Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada

15 Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

16 School of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

17 Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (IHPME), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

18 Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

19 Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada

20 Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom

21 Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Sussex Hospital, Brighton, United Kingdom

22 Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Corresponding Author:

  • Kelly K O'Brien, BSc, BScPT, PhD
  • Department of Physical Therapy
  • Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
  • 160-500 University Avenue
  • Toronto, ON M5G 1V7
  • Canada
  • Phone: 1 (416) 978-0565
  • Email: kelly.obrien@utoronto.ca