Transfer Learning and Machine Learning for Training Five-Year Survival Prognostic Models in Early Breast Cancer: Development and Validation Study

Lisa Pilgram   ^{1, 2, 3} , MD ;   Kai Yang   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Ana-Alicia Beltran-Bless   ⁴ , MD ;   Gregory R Pond   ⁵ , PhD ;   Lisa Vandermeer   ⁶ , MSc ;   John Hilton   ⁷ , MD ;   Marie-France Savard   ⁴ , MD ;   Andreanne LeBlanc   ⁸ , MD ;   Lois Shepherd   ⁹ , MD ;   Bingshu Chen   ⁹ , PhD ;   John MS Bartlett   ¹⁰ , PhD ;   Karen J Taylor   ¹⁰ , PhD ;   Jane Bayani   ^{11, 12} , PhD ;   Sarah Barker   ¹¹ , PhD ;   Melanie Spears   ^{11, 12} , PhD ;   Cornelis JH van der Velde   ¹³ , MD ;   Elma Meershoek-Klein Kranenbarg   ¹³ , MSc ;   Luc Dirix   ¹⁴ , MD, PhD ;   Elizabeth Mallon   ¹⁵ , MBChB ;   Annette Hasenburg   ¹⁶ , MD ;   Christos Markopoulos   ¹⁷ , MD, PhD ;   Lamin Juwara   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Fida K Dankar   ² , PhD ;   Mark Clemons   ⁷ , MD ;   Khaled El Emam   ^{1, 2} , PhD

¹ School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

² Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada

³ Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

⁴ Division of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

⁵ Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

⁶ Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada

⁷ Ottawa Hospital Cancer Center, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada

⁸ Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada

⁹ Canadian Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada

¹⁰ Edinburgh Cancer Research, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom

¹¹ Diagnostic Development, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada

¹² Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, ON, Canada

¹³ Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands

¹⁴ St. Augustinus Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium

¹⁵ Department of Pathology, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom

¹⁶ Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany

¹⁷ Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Attica, Greece