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Published on in Vol 28 (2026)

This is a member publication of University of Edinburgh (Jisc)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/88325, first published .

Io Chi-Yan Hui   1 , PhD, CEng ;   Kathleena Condon   2 , MPH ;   Shailesh Kolekar   3 , MBBS, MD ;   Nicola J Roberts   4 , PhD ;   Katherina Bernadette Sreter   5 , MD, PhD ;   Sami O Simons   6 , MD, PhD ;   Carlos Figueiredo   7 , MD ;   Zoe McKeough   8 , BAppSc(Physio), PhD ;   Hani Salim   9 , PhD ;   Aleksandra Gawlik-Lipinski   10 , MSc ;   Apolline Gonsard   11 , MD ;   Ayşe Önal Aral   12 , MD ;   Anna Vanoverschelde   13 , PhD, PharmD ;   Matthew Armstrong   14 , PhD ;   Dario Kohlbrenner   15 , PhD ;   Cátia Paixão   16 , PhD ;   Patrick Stafler   17 , MD ;   Efthymia Papadopoulou   18 , MD ;   Adrian Paul Jaravata Rabe   19 , MD ;   Milan Mohammad   20 , MD ;   Izolde Bouloukaki   21 , PhD ;   Shirley Quach   22 , PhD, RRT ;   Georgios Kaltsakas   23 , PhD ;   Kate Loveys   24 , PhD ;   Tonje Reier-Nilsen   25 , MD, PhD ;   Anthony Paulo Sunjaya   26 , MD, PhD ;   Paul Robinson   2 , PhD ;   Michaela Senek   27 , PhD, MPH ;   Amy Hai Yan Chan   28 , BPharm(Hons), PhD ;   Hilary Pinnock   1 , MBChB, MD

1 School of Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

2 Faculty of Health, Medicine and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

3 Department of Medicine Helsingborg Hospital, Lund University, Region Skane, Sweden

4 School of Health and Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

5 Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Centre "Sestre Milosrdnice", Zagreb, Croatia

6 NUTRIM Institute for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands

7 Hospital Santa Marta, ULS São José, Lisboa, Portugal

8 Sydney School of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

9 Department of Family Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

10 Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

11 University Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France

12 Pulmonary Diseases Clinic, Ankara Gölbaşı State Hospital, Gölbaşı/Ankara, Turkey

13 General Hospital Zeno, Knokke-Heist, Belgium

14 Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom

15 Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

16 Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation Laboratory (Lab3R), School of Health Sciences (ESSUA) and Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

17 Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel and Gray Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel

18 Department of Respiratory Failure, G. Papanikolaou General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

19 School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

20 Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Hovedstaden, Denmark

21 Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece

22 School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

23 Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

24 Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, School of Medicine, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

25 Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Insitute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway

26 School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

27 School of Medicine& Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

28 School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Corresponding Author:

  • Hilary Pinnock, MBChB, MD
  • School of Population Health Sciences
  • Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh
  • 5 Little France Rd
  • Edinburgh EH16 4UX
  • United Kingdom
  • Phone: 44 0131 651 7869
  • Email: hilary.pinnock@ed.ac.uk