Periodontitis Risk Assessment and Prevention Planning: Comparative Study of Multimodal Large Language Models and Periodontist Evaluations

Laura Swinckels   ^{1, 2, 3} , MSc ;   Katharina Alves Rabelo   ³ , BDS, MSc, PhD ;   Eduardo L Delamare   ³ , BDS, MSc ;   Bruno G Loos   ⁴ , DDS, MSc, PhD ;   Pierre Lahoud   ^{5, 6, 7} , DDS, PGD, PhD ;   Harmen Bijwaard   ^{2, 8} , PhD ;   Ander de Keijzer   ⁹ , PhD ;   Jinman Kim   ¹⁰ , PhD ;   Josef Bruers   ^{1, 11} , PhD

¹ Department of Oral Public Health, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands

² Cluster of Health, Sport and Welfare, Inholland University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands

³ Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

⁴ Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands

⁵ Division of Periodontology & Oral Microbiology, Department of Oral Health Sciences, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium

⁶ OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium

⁷ Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Digital Dentistry, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Bavaria, Germany

⁸ National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Utrecht, The Netherlands

⁹ Applied Responsible Artificial Intelligence Research Group, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, North Brabant, The Netherlands

¹⁰ School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

¹¹ Royal Dutch Society for the Promotion of Dentistry, Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands