Evaluating DeepSeek in Real-World Clinical Scenarios on Performance and Safeguards: Multicenter Comparative Study

Zuyi Yang   ^{1 *} , MD ;   Dianzhe Tian   ^{2 *} , MD ;   Meiqian He   ^{1 *} , MD ;   Erqian Wang   ^{1 *} , MD ;   Lvyuxing Zhao   ³ ;   Xinyu Zhao   ¹ , MD ;   Xiaokai Chen   ⁴ , BS ;   Wei Xia   ⁵ , MM ;   Wei Zhou   ⁶ , MD ;   Yanhao Ma   ⁷ , MD ;   Chuanyong Ma   ⁸ , MD ;   Haiyan Chen   ⁹ , MD ;   Huiqin Lu   ¹⁰ , MM ;   Shulin Liu   ¹¹ , MD, PhD ;   Xin Zhao   ¹² , MM ;   Yiyao Xu   ² , MD ;   Xin Lu   ² , MD ;   Fengdan Wang   ¹³ , MD ;   Lei Zhang   ² , MD ;   Youxin Chen   ¹ , MD, PhD

¹ Department of Ophthalmology, Key Lab of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

² Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

³ School of Medicine, Southeast University, Naijing, China

⁴ Department of Ophthalmology, Pingdingshan First People's Hospital, Pingdingshan, China

⁵ Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

⁶ Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China

⁷ Department of Ophthalmology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China

⁸ Department of Ophthalmology, Fujian Provincial Elderly Hospital, Fuzhou, China

⁹ Department of Ophthalmology, The Sixth Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, China

¹⁰ Department of Ophthalmology, Xi’an No.1 Hospital, Xi’an, China

¹¹ Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

¹² Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, China

¹³ Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

*these authors contributed equally