Automating the Management of Extraspinal Findings in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Spine Studies Using a Privacy-Preserving Large Language Model: Retrospective Validation Study

Wilson Ong   ^{1 *} , MBBS, MMed ;   Gifford Tan   ^{1 *} , MBBS, MMed ;   Yong Han Ting   ^{1, 2} , MBBS ;   Shuliang Ge   ^{1, 2} , MBBS, MMed ;   Yi Liang Tan   ^{1, 2} , MBBS, MMed ;   Xi Zhen Low   ^{1, 2} , MBBS, MMed ;   Wei Chuan Tan   ^{1, 2} , MBBS, MMed ;   Andrew Makmur   ^{1, 2} , BmedSc, MMBS, MMed ;   Naomi Wenxin Leow   ³ , BComp, MComp ;   Muzammil Arif Din Abdul Jabbar   ^{4, 5} , BA(Cantab) ;   Qai Ven Yap   ⁶ , BS (Hons) ;   Shao Jin Ong   ^{1, 2} , MBBS ;   Jiong Hao Jonathan Tan   ⁷ , MBBS, MRCS, MMed ;   Naresh Kumar   ⁷ , MBBS, MS, DNB, DM ;   James Thomas Patrick Decourcy Hallinan   ^{1, 2} , BSc (Hons), MBChB (Hons)

¹ Department of Diagnostic Imaging, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore

² Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

³ Artificial Intelligence Innovation Office, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore

⁴ School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

⁵ Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore

⁶ Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

⁷ National University Spine Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore

*these authors contributed equally