The Ethics of Leveraging Routinely Collected Patient Data for AI Development: Mixed Methods Study

Menno T Maris   ^{1, 2} , MSc ;   Joanna E Klopotowska   ^{2, 3} , PhD, PharmD ;   Ronald Cornet   ^{2, 3} , PhD ;   Mariëtte A Van den Hoven   ^{2, 4} , PhD ;   Joris E Lieverse   ^{2, 3} , PharmD ;   Daniel Fernández-Llaneza   ^{2, 3} , MSc ;   Marieke A R Bak   ^{1, 2, 5} , PhD ;   LEAPfROG Consortium   ⁶

¹ Department of Ethics, Law and Humanities, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

² Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

³ Department of Medical Informatics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

⁴ Department of Ethics, Law and Humanities, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

⁵ Institute of History and Ethics in Medicine, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

⁶ See Acknowledgments