Scalable and Robust Artificial Intelligence for Spine Alignment Assessment: Multicenter Study Enabled by Real-Time Data Transformation

Guilin Chen   ^{1 *} , MD ;   Nan Meng   ^{2 *} , PhD ;   Yipeng Zhuang   ^{2 *} , PhD ;   Zhe Chen   ^{3 *} , MD ;   Zhen Bian   ^{4 *} , MD ;   Zhaoyang Gong   ^{5 *} , MD ;   Jiawei Shi   ^{6 *} , MD ;   Tao Huang   ² , BEng ;   Xihe Kuang   ² , PhD ;   Pengyu Lu   ² , MSc ;   Cong Nie   ² , MD ;   Qifeng Yu   ⁵ , MD ;   Zefu Chen   ⁶ , MD ;   Hui Jiang   ⁶ , MD ;   Zhongmin Zhang   ⁶ , MD ;   Chaojun Zheng   ⁵ , MD ;   Yu Liang   ³ , MD ;   Nan Wu   ¹ , MD ;   Jason Pui Yin Cheung   ² , MS, MD ;   Jianguo Zhang   ¹ , MD ;   Teng Zhang   ² , PhD

¹ Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing Key of Big Data Innovation and Application for Skeletal Health Medical Care, Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China

² Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG SAR, China (Hong Kong)

³ Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, 200025, China

⁴ Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, Beijing, China

⁵ Department of Orthopaedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China

⁶ Department of Orthopaedics, Division of Spine Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China

*these authors contributed equally