Development and Validation of an Electronic Health Record–Based Algorithm for Identifying Patients With Long-Term Opioid Therapy: Cross-Sectional Study

Shu Huang   ¹ , MS, MPH, PhD ;   Tianze Jiao   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Serena Jingchuan Guo   ^{1, 2} , MD, PhD ;   Jill A Star   ³ , PhD ;   Jie Xu   ⁴ , PhD ;   Jiang Bian   ^{5, 6} , PhD ;   Debbie L Wilson   ⁷ , RN, PhD ;   Amie J Goodin   ^{1, 2} , PhD

¹ Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States

² Center for Drug Evaluation and Safety (CoDES), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States

³ Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States

⁴ Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States

⁵ Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States

⁶ Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States

⁷ Shands Hospital, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States