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This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Artificial Intelligence (5052) Clinical Informatics (2402) mHealth for Data Collection and Research (1786) Electronic Health Records (1799) Development and Evaluation of Research Methods, Instruments and Tools (1440) Systemic Racism and Racial Bias in Health Care and Society (161) Generative Language Models Including ChatGPT (1648) Responsible Health AI (269) AI for Synthetic Data (28)

Published on in Vol 27 (2025)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/65317, first published .
Doctor typing on laptop with medical history form displayed, blood pressure cuff nearby.

Evaluation and Bias Analysis of Large Language Models in Generating Synthetic Electronic Health Records: Comparative Study

Evaluation and Bias Analysis of Large Language Models in Generating Synthetic Electronic Health Records: Comparative Study

Authors of this article:

Ruochen Huang1 Author Orcid Image ;   Honghan Wu2 Author Orcid Image ;   Yuhan Yuan1 Author Orcid Image ;   Yifan Xu1 Author Orcid Image ;   Hao Qian1 Author Orcid Image ;   Changwei Zhang3, 4 Author Orcid Image ;   Xin Wei4 Author Orcid Image ;   Shan Lu5 Author Orcid Image ;   Xin Zhang5 Author Orcid Image ;   Jingbao Kan5 Author Orcid Image ;   Cheng Wan1 Author Orcid Image ;   Yun Liu5 Author Orcid Image
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  2. Garg M, Raza S, Rayana S, Liu X, Sohn S. The rise of small language models in healthcare: A comprehensive survey. Computer Science Review 2026;62:100999 View
  3. González Zazueta L, López Covarrubias B, Navarro Cota C, Vázquez Briseño M, Nieto Hipólito J, Romo Cárdenas G, Avilés Rodríguez G. Evaluation Frameworks for Clinical Foundation Models in Specific Tasks of Unstructured Medical Text Analysis: A Scoping Review. Healthcare 2026;14(13):1865 View
  4. Venkatesh R, Ritchie M. AI-based multimodal integration of genomics and electronic health records. Nature Reviews Genetics 2026;27(11):821 View
  5. Srinivasan A, Sritharan D, Aneja S, Richman I. Challenges in medical algorithmic fairness. JNCI Cancer Spectrum 2026;10(5) View
  6. Alkam T, Tarshizi E, Van Benschoten A. Large Language Models in Alzheimer’s Care: Clinical Use Cases, Safety Challenges, and Implementation Pathways. Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease 2026;3(4):48 View
  7. Xiao Y, Chen Z, Huang J, Chen W, Liu Y, Li K, Mousavi M, Dobson R, Zhang J. A scoping review of bias in large AI models for medicine and healthcare. Communications Health 2026;1(1) View

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  2. Liu Y, Welton L, Melton G, Zhang R, Arsoniadis E. 2026 IEEE 14th International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI). Mitigating LLM Policy-Induced Bias in Sexual Orientation Identification Using Cue-Augmented Fine-Tuning View