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This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

e-Learning and Digital Medical Education (977) Extended Reality, Virtual Reality and Virtual Worlds (824) New Methods and Approaches in Medical Education (429) Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in Medical Education (146)

Published on in Vol 27 (2025)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/55066, first published .
Comparing Virtual Reality–Based and Traditional Physical Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) Stations for Clinical Competency Assessments: Randomized Controlled Trial

Comparing Virtual Reality–Based and Traditional Physical Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) Stations for Clinical Competency Assessments: Randomized Controlled Trial

Comparing Virtual Reality–Based and Traditional Physical Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) Stations for Clinical Competency Assessments: Randomized Controlled Trial

Authors of this article:

Tobias Mühling1 Author Orcid Image ;   Verena Schreiner1 Author Orcid Image ;   Marc Appel1 Author Orcid Image ;   Tobias Leutritz1 Author Orcid Image ;   Sarah König1 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (22) Tweetations (1) Metrics

Journals

  1. Neher A, Bühlmann F, Müller M, Berendonk C, Sauter T, Birrenbach T. Virtual reality for assessment in undergraduate nursing and medical education – a systematic review. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  2. Cross J, Kayalackakom T, Robinson R, Vaughans A, Sebastian R, Hood R, Lewis C, Devaraju S, Honnavar P, Naik S, Joseph J, Anand N, Mohammed A, Johnson A, Cohen E, Adeniji T, Nnenna Nnaji A, George J. Assessing ChatGPT’s Capability as a New Age Standardized Patient: Qualitative Study. JMIR Medical Education 2025;11:e63353 View
  3. Lehmann M, Mikulasch J, Poimann H, Backhaus J, König S, Mühling T. Training and Assessing Teamwork in Interprofessional Virtual Reality–Based Simulation Using the TeamSTEPPS Framework: Protocol for Randomized Pre-Post Intervention Study. JMIR Research Protocols 2025;14:e68705 View
  4. Lindner M, Leutritz T, Backhaus J, König S, Mühling T. Knowledge Gain and the Impact of Stress in a Fully Immersive Virtual Reality–Based Medical Emergencies Training With Automated Feedback: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2025;27:e67412 View
  5. Dumitrescu C. Use of emerging technologies in rehabilitation education and practice. Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences 2025;6 View
  6. Oberdörfer S, Heinisch M, Mühling T, Schreiner V, König S, Latoschik M. Ready for VR? Assessing VR competence and exploring the role of human abilities and characteristics. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 2025;6 View
  7. Krishnappa P, Tammaro S, Sneha J, Matippa P, Arcaniolo D, De Sio M, Manfredi C. Virtual reality in the management of male sexual dysfunction: an updated narrative review of the literature. Sexual Medicine Reviews 2026;14(1) View
  8. Neher A, Berendonk C, Neubauer F, Delahaye M, Kannape O, Sauter T, Birrenbach T. Immersive virtual reality versus in-person performance assessment in undergraduate medical education – an exploratory comparison. Education and Information Technologies 2026;31(2):487 View
  9. Singh M, Budh N, Kumar V, Jha R, Mahaur G. Onscreen versus Physical Spotters: Effect on Scores and Perception of Undergraduate Medical Students and Faculty of Community Medicine. NMO Journal 2025;19(2):101 View
  10. Keicher F, Müller M, Ruf K, Härtel C, König S, Mühling T. Enhancing pediatric emergency training: the impact of virtual reality-simulation on medical student knowledge and learning experience—a pre-post intervention study. Virtual Reality 2025;29(4) View
  11. Brüstle P. Digitale Prüfungen im Medizinstudium: ein systematischer Überblick mit Empfehlungen für die Praxis. HNO 2026;74(2):63 View
  12. Prosper A, Broutin A, Lê S, Cecchin-Albertoni C, Monsarrat P, Thomas C, Laurencin S, Cousty S, Gendron B, Destruhaut F, Diemer F, Minty M, Valéra M, Delrieu J, Canceill T, Blasco-Baque V, Marty M. From Written Tests to OSCE: A Study on the Perceptions of Assessment Reform by Students and Faculty in the French Dental Curriculum. International Medical Education 2026;5(1):7 View
  13. Zhang L, He F, Wei L, Dou S, Hua Y. Effectiveness of Different Educational Approaches in Improving Comprehensive Clinical Competence Among Medical Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Evaluation & the Health Professions 2026 View
  14. Zhang X, Lyu X, Weng X, Zhou Y. From Conventional OSCE to Virtual Reality–Enhanced OSCE: A Narrative Review of Promise and Pitfalls in Medical Education. Advances in Medical Education and Practice 2026;Volume 17:1 View
  15. Sripadungkul D, Boonmak S, Somjit M, Plailaharn N, Sriraj W, Boonmak P. Authors’ Reply: Enhancing Team-Based Learning in Virtual Environments: The Role of Avatar Agency and Immersive Social Presence. JMIR Medical Education 2026;12:e93060 View
  16. Schreiner V, Backhaus J, Lindner M, Heinisch M, König S, Oberdörfer S, Mühling T. Development and Initial Evaluation of Specific Immersive Competence in Virtual Reality–Based Medical Assessments: Exploratory Observational Study. JMIR Medical Education 2026;12:e82136 View
  17. Schaal J, Leutritz T, Lindner M, Zamzow A, Backhaus J, König S, Mühling T. Immersive competence as a source of bias in virtual reality clinical assessment. npj Digital Medicine 2026;9(1) View
  18. Lehmann M, Hinz S, Zamzow A, Mikulasch J, Poimann H, Backhaus J, Mergen M, Mühling T. Adapting the TeamSTEPPS team performance observation tool for dyadic interprofessional VR simulations (vTPOT): a multi-step validation study. Advances in Simulation 2026;11(1) View
  19. Funao H, Shimaoka M, Kako J. Enhancing Team-Based Learning in Virtual Environments: The Role of Avatar Agency and Immersive Social Presence. JMIR Medical Education 2026;12:e92366 View
  20. Dai X, Gong Y, Ma L. Effects of ChatGPT-generated immediate feedback integrated into VR-based OSCEs on nursing students’ performance: a randomized crossover study. BMC Nursing 2026 View
  21. Esumi S, Nakagawa S, Ikemura M, Takezawa Y, Ebara R, Harada M, Tatsumi A, Kanmachi A, Hashimoto Y, Takeda-Morishita M. A comparative study of the effectiveness of virtual reality-based and text-based training in sterile preparation: pilot trial of early-stage clinical VR study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences 2026 View

Books/Policy Documents

  1. Asri S, Abu Bakar N. Digital Leadership for Sustainable Higher Education. View