Published on in Vol 26 (2024)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/22769, first published .
Applications and Concerns of ChatGPT and Other Conversational Large Language Models in Health Care: Systematic Review

Applications and Concerns of ChatGPT and Other Conversational Large Language Models in Health Care: Systematic Review

Applications and Concerns of ChatGPT and Other Conversational Large Language Models in Health Care: Systematic Review

Journals

  1. Fast D, Adams L, Busch F, Fallon C, Huppertz M, Siepmann R, Prucker P, Bayerl N, Truhn D, Makowski M, Löser A, Bressem K. Autonomous medical evaluation for guideline adherence of large language models. npj Digital Medicine 2024;7(1) View
  2. Chang Y, Yin J, Li J, Liu C, Cao L, Lin S. Applications and Future Prospects of Medical LLMs: A Survey Based on the M-KAT Conceptual Framework. Journal of Medical Systems 2024;48(1) View
  3. Li J, Chang C, Li Y, Cui S, Yuan F, Li Z, Wang X, Li K, Feng Y, Wang Z, Wei Z, Jian F. Large Language Models’ Responses to Spinal Cord Injury: A Comparative Study of Performance. Journal of Medical Systems 2025;49(1) View
  4. Kopka M, von Kalckreuth N, Feufel M. Accuracy of online symptom assessment applications, large language models, and laypeople for self–triage decisions. npj Digital Medicine 2025;8(1) View
  5. Takashiba S. Prospects for developing treatment support for periodontal disease based on the clinical database of the Japanese Society of Periodontology. Nihon Shishubyo Gakkai Kaishi (Journal of the Japanese Society of Periodontology) 2025;67(1):1 View
  6. Wan Z, Guo Y, Bao S, Wang Q, Malin B. Evaluating Sex and Age Biases in Multimodal Large Language Models for Skin Disease Identification from Dermatoscopic Images. Health Data Science 2025;5 View
  7. Mondal H, Tiu D, Mondal S, Dutta R, Naskar A, Podder I. Evaluating Accuracy and Readability of Responses to Midlife Health Questions: A Comparative Analysis of Six Large Language Model Chatbots. Journal of Mid-life Health 2025;16(1):45 View
  8. Kunze K, Gerhold C, Dave U, Abunnur N, Mamonov A, Nwachukwu B, Verma N, Chahla J. Large Language Model Use Cases in Health Care Research Are Redundant and Often Lack Appropriate Methodological Conduct: A Scoping Review and Call for Improved Practices. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery 2025;41(11):4928 View
  9. Soddu M, De Vito A, Madeddu G, Nicolosi B, Provenzano M, Ivziku D, Curcio F. Assessing the Accuracy, Completeness and Safety of ChatGPT-4o Responses on Pressure Injuries in Infants: Clinical Applications and Future Implications. Nursing Reports 2025;15(4):130 View
  10. Özbay Y, Erdoğan D, Dinçer G. Evaluation of the performance of large language models in clinical decision-making in endodontics. BMC Oral Health 2025;25(1) View
  11. Qiang S, Zhang H, Liao Y, Zhang Y, Gu Y, Wang Y, Xu Z, Shi H, Han N, Yu H. Application of Large Language Models in Stroke Rehabilitation Health Education: 2-Phase Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2025;27:e73226 View
  12. Desmedt C, Forsyth F. Trialing DeepSeek, the new kid on the artificial intelligence block. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2025;24(6):819 View
  13. Alkalbani A, Alrawahi A, Salah A, Haghighi V, Zhang Y, Alkindi S, Sheng Q. A Systematic Review of Large Language Models in Medical Specialties: Applications, Challenges and Future Directions. Information 2025;16(6):489 View
  14. Adel A, Alani N. Can generative AI reliably synthesise literature? exploring hallucination issues in ChatGPT. AI & SOCIETY 2025;40(8):6799 View
  15. Demir S, Türkeş İ. Evaluation of ChatGPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Google Gemini 2.0 Flash as Patient Education Resources for Upper Blepharoplasty Patients. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 2025;36(8):e1261 View
  16. Milicevic F, Ghandour M, Khasawneh M, Ghasemi A, Al Zuabi A, Smajic S, Mahmoud M, Kabir K, Mert Ü. Assessing LLMs on IDSA Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Native Vertebral Osteomyelitis: A Comparison Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2025;14(14):4996 View
  17. Clayton E. Clinicians Have Crucial Roles in Diagnosis in an AI World. JAMA Pediatrics 2025;179(9):943 View
  18. Belkhouribchia J, Pen J. Large language models in clinical nutrition: an overview of its applications, capabilities, limitations, and potential future prospects. Frontiers in Nutrition 2025;12 View
  19. Burla L, Metzler J, Kalaitzopoulos D, Kamm S, Ormos M, Passweg D, Schraag S, Samartzis E, Samartzis N, Witzel I, Imesch P. Artificial intelligence in endometriosis care: A comparative analysis of large language model and human specialist responses to endometriosis-related queries. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2025;313:114625 View
  20. Zhong R, Chen S, Li Z, Gao T, Su Y, Zhang W, Liu D, Gao L, Hu K. Large Language Models in Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review (Preprint). Journal of Medical Internet Research 2025 View
  21. Feng Y. Can LLMs effectively assist medical coding? Evaluating GPT performance on DRG and targeted clinical tasks. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2025;25(1) View
  22. Kaya Kaçar H, Sarıkaya B. Assessing AI-based chatbots accuracy in caloric estimation: A focus on traditional Turkish foods. The European Research Journal 2025;11(5):922 View
  23. Ferreira A, Rocha L, Cunha W, Machado A, Campos J, Jallais G, Viana A, Tuler E, Araújo I, Macul V, Souza Neto O, de Souza Júnior A, de Pinho Souza G, Pallone J, Dumbá Soares M, Santos W, Gonçalves M. A comprehensive qualitative analysis of patient dialogue summarization using large language models applied to noisy, informal, non-English real-world data. Scientific Reports 2025;15(1) View
  24. Al-Otaibi G, Alotaibi H, Alsalmi S. Communication Errors in Human–Chatbot Interactions: A Case Study of ChatGPT Arabic Mental Health Support Inquiries. Behavioral Sciences 2025;15(8):1119 View
  25. Duan L, Li T, Li B, Li X, Fu D, Yang X, Cao K, Cai H. Application of large language models to natural language processing and image analysis tasks in dermatology: a systematic review. Intelligent Medicine 2025 View
  26. Vowels L, Marcantonio T. Exploring How Large Language Models Understand Sexual Communication in Hypothetical Sexual Situations. The Journal of Sex Research 2025:1 View
  27. Ziab H, Mazbouh R, Siblini F, Nashwan A. Transforming Pediatric Physiotherapy: The Role of ChatGPT in Therapy, Limitations, and Ethical Considerations. Cureus 2025 View
  28. Öberg J, Perez-Vicente R, Lindström M, Midlöv P, Merlo J. Evaluating healthcare quality and inequities using generative AI: a simulation study of potentially inappropriate medication among older adults analyzed via the framework analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (AIHDA). Discover Artificial Intelligence 2025;5(1) View
  29. Gerçek A, Çiftci N, Durmuş M, Sarman A, Taşcı Ö, Yıldız M. ChatGPT in Nursing: Applications, Advantages, and Challenges in Education, Research, and Clinical Practice. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 2025;53(11):3202 View
  30. Cherrez-Ojeda I, Frye B, Hoheisel A, Cortes-Telles A, Robles-Velasco K, Mateos-Toledo H, Figueiredo R, Ryerson C, Rodas-Valero G, Calderón J. Evaluation of large language model-generated medical information on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 2025;8 View
  31. Dennstädt F, Schmerder M, Riggenbach E, Mose L, Bryjova K, Bachmann N, Mackeprang P, Ahmadsei M, Sinovcic D, Windisch P, Zwahlen D, Rogers S, Riesterer O, Maffei M, Gkika E, Haddad H, Peeken J, Putora P, Glatzer M, Putz F, Hoefler D, Christ S, Filchenko I, Hastings J, Gaio R, Chiang L, Aebersold D, Cihoric N. Comparative Evaluation of a Medical Large Language Model in Answering Real-World Radiation Oncology Questions: Multicenter Observational Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2025;27:e69752 View
  32. Jeon S, Lee S, Kim E, Eun J, Lee K, Lim H, Lee J. Generative AI Chatbot for Diabetes Management: Formative 2-Part Qualitative Study Using DTalksBot Involving Patients and Clinicians. JMIR Formative Research 2025;9:e72553 View
  33. Obieke C, Milisavljevic-Syed J, Jiang P, Bridgeman J, Han J. Trailblazing specific generative models (SGMs) for early-stage engineering design concepts. Design and Artificial Intelligence 2025;1(3):100030 View
  34. Levita B, Eminovic S, Lüdemann W, Schnapauff D, Schmidt R, Haack A, Dell’Orco A, Nawabi J, Penzkofer T. Large language models for patient education prior to interventional radiology procedures: a comparative study. CVIR Endovascular 2025;8(1) View
  35. Strege M, Krawczak R, Kim Y, Semerod J, Brush L, Siegle G. Ruminative Thought Content Changes by Year: A Computational Linguistic Analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2025 View
  36. Değerli Y, Özata Değerli M, Kars S. Artificial intelligence in occupational therapy: Comparing ChatGPT and occupational therapist approaches in assessment and intervention. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 2025 View
  37. Demir Cicek B, Cicek O. Evaluating the Response of AI-Based Large Language Models to Common Patient Concerns About Endodontic Root Canal Treatment: A Comparative Performance Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2025;14(21):7482 View
  38. Tinajero C. The Pediatric Surgeon's AI Toolbox: How Large Language Models Like ChatGPT Are Simplifying Practice and Expanding Global Access. European Journal of Pediatric Surgery 2025 View
  39. Zeng H, Liu G, Liu W, Zou S, Chen B, Yang R, Lin F, Peng J, Gao Y, Hao L. Evaluation of large language models in the clinical management of multiple chronic conditions: A comparative study of DeepSeek-R1 and ChatGPT-o1. Public Health 2025;249:106042 View
  40. Ghorbian M, Ghobaei-Arani M. A comprehensive review of LLM applications for lung cancer diagnosis and treatment: classification, challenges, and future directions. Journal of Big Data 2025;12(1) View
  41. Miah A, Tusher M, Hossain M, Hossain M, Rahim M, Hamid M, Islam M, Shin J. ChatGPT in Research and Education: A SWOT Analysis of Its Academic Impact. Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2025;143(3):2573 View
  42. Nuccetelli F, Gabellone V, Marsano F, Giovanetti F, Dri P, Valetto M, Prato R. The use of artificial intelligence in healthcare as perceived by the citizens and patients: a narrative review of the literature. European Journal of Public Health 2025 View
  43. Wang G, Yang R, Zhang Y, Wen X, Liu C, Liu E, Tang M, Xue L, Liu Z. Evaluating the performance of Large language models in rheumatology for connective tissue Diseases: DeepSeek-R1, ChatGPT-4.0, Copilot, and Gemini-2.0. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2026;207:106172 View
  44. Mina A, Ghadban E, Boutros T, Saade N, Fayad L, Karam M, Breidi S, Elias M, Ghosh M, Khoury L, Naassan N, Khoury R. AI chatbots as ‘pocket doctors’: intimate health support for young women in Lebanon. BMC Public Health 2025;25(1) View
  45. Zhong X, Li S, Chen Z, Ge L, Yu D, Wang S, You L, Shang H. Considerations for Patient Privacy of Large Language Models in Health Care: Scoping Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2025;27:e76571 View
  46. Shi Y, Liu J, Wang S, Guan S, Li M, Yu Y, Yang H, Yang W, Li B, Yang W, Zhou X, Wang Z. Drug discovery of synergistic combinations via multilayer deep learning models:Advances and challenges. Artificial Intelligence in the Life Sciences 2025;8:100147 View
  47. O’Hara C, Kent G, Leydon C, Walsh N, Gibney E, Skoutas D, Flynn A, Timon C. Language Models in Nutrition and Dietetics: A Scoping Review. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2025:101127 View

Books/Policy Documents

  1. Põder J, Helgesson G. AI Ethics in Practice. View
  2. Song Q, Yang J, Obi N, Ni C, Warner J, Chen Q, Song L, Rosenbloom S, Malin B, Yin Z. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. View

Conference Proceedings

  1. Pilato G, Persia F, D'Auria D. 2025 19th International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC). Issues and Perspectives on Integrating a Healthcare Monitoring Tool with an LLM Module View
  2. Khababa G, Khababa A, Harun N, Amrani S. 2025 5th International Conference on Emerging Smart Technologies and Applications (eSmarTA). A Systematic Review of ChatGPT’s Role in Advancing Research Methodologies Across Education, Healthcare, and Economics View