This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Digital Health Reviews (1508) Artificial Intelligence (1704) Chatbots and Conversational Agents (623) Web-based and Mobile Health Interventions (3621) Behavior Change (768) mHealth for Wellness, Behavior Change and Prevention (3091) Mobile Health (mhealth) (3147)

Published on in Vol 25 (2023)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/40789, first published .
Artificial Intelligence–Based Chatbots for Promoting Health Behavioral Changes: Systematic Review

Artificial Intelligence–Based Chatbots for Promoting Health Behavioral Changes: Systematic Review

Artificial Intelligence–Based Chatbots for Promoting Health Behavioral Changes: Systematic Review

Authors of this article:

Abhishek Aggarwal1, 2 Author Orcid Image ;   Cheuk Chi Tam1, 2 Author Orcid Image ;   Dezhi Wu3, 4 Author Orcid Image ;   Xiaoming Li1, 2, 3 Author Orcid Image ;   Shan Qiao1, 2, 3 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (218) Tweetations (8) Metrics

Journals

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  122. Malouin-Lachance A, Capolupo J, Laplante C, Hudon A. Does the Digital Therapeutic Alliance Exist? Integrative Review. JMIR Mental Health 2025;12:e69294 View
  123. Nitsch K, Ivatury S. Do people prefer AI-generated patient educational materials over traditional ones?. Patient Education and Counseling 2025;134:108672 View
  124. Ryoo Y, Halfacre V, Kim E, Yoon H. AI chatbot interventions in combatting marijuana-impaired driving: the role of gender, linguistic style, and hypocrisy induction. International Journal of Advertising 2025:1 View
  125. Ahn J, Kim B. Application of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Dyslipidemia Care. Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis 2025;14(1):77 View
  126. Gualda-Gea J, Barón-Miras L, Bertran M, Vilella A, Torá-Rocamora I, Prat A. Perceptions and future perspectives of medical students on the use of artificial intelligence based chatbots: an exploratory analysis. Frontiers in Medicine 2025;12 View
  127. Shevchenko A, Panok V, Shevtsov A, Slyusar V, Malyi R, Yeroshenko T, Nazar M. DEVELOPMENT OF A VIRTUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSISTANT WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE HEALTHCARE SECTOR. Clinical and Preventive Medicine 2024;(8):15 View
  128. Salmani B, Prapavessis H, Vanderloo L, Mitchell M. Financial incentives for physical activity in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis update. Preventive Medicine 2025;192:108237 View
  129. Lee H, Wright C, Ferranto J, Buttimer J, Palmer C, Welchman A, Mazor K, Fisher K, Smelson D, O’Connor L, Fahey N, Soni A. Artificial intelligence conversational agents in mental health: Patients see potential, but prefer humans in the loop. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2025;15 View
  130. Alessandro L, Crema S, Castiglione J, Dossi D, Eberbach F, Kohler A, Laffue A, Marone A, Nagel V, Pastor Rueda J, Varela F, Fernandez Slezak D, Rodríguez Murúa S, Debasa C, Claudio P, Farez M. Validation of an Artificial Intelligence-Powered Virtual Assistant for Emergency Triage in Neurology. The Neurologist 2025;30(3):155 View
  131. Isaacs K, Shifflett A, Patel K, Karpisek L, Cui Y, Lawental M, Tzilos Wernette G, Borsari B, Chang K, Ma T. Women Empowered to Connect With Addiction Resources and Engage in Evidence-Based Treatment (WE-CARE)—an mHealth Application for the Universal Screening of Alcohol, Substance Use, Depression, and Anxiety: Usability and Feasibility Study. JMIR Formative Research 2025;9:e62915 View
  132. Pupong K, Hunsrisakhun J, Pithpornchaiyakul S, Naorungroj S. Development of Chatbot-Based Oral Health Care for Young Children and Evaluation of its Effectiveness, Usability, and Acceptability: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting 2025;8:e62738 View
  133. Wah J. Revolutionizing e-health: the transformative role of AI-powered hybrid chatbots in healthcare solutions. Frontiers in Public Health 2025;13 View
  134. Nadarzynski T, Knights N, Husbands D, Graham C, Llewellyn C, Buchanan T, Montgomery I, Rodriguez A, Ogueri C, Singh N, Rouse E, Oyebode O, Das A, Paydon G, Lall G, Bulukungu A, Yanyali N, Stefan A, Ridge D, Peng Y. Chatbot -assisted self-assessment (CASA): Co-designing an AI -powered behaviour change intervention for ethnic minorities. PLOS Digital Health 2025;4(2):e0000724 View
  135. Dickens C, Suarez-Balcazar Y, Allen-Meares P, Brazil E. Using Ecological Systems Theory to Enhance Community Health Literacy. HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice 2025;9(1) View
  136. Puerta-Beldarrain M, Gómez-Carmona O, Sánchez-Corcuera R, Casado-Mansilla D, López-de-Ipiña D, Chen L. A Multifaceted Vision of the Human-AI Collaboration: A Comprehensive Review. IEEE Access 2025;13:29375 View
  137. Cosma C, Radi A, Cattano R, Zanobini P, Bonaccorsi G, Lorini C, Del Riccio M. Potential role of ChatGPT in simplifying and improving informed consent forms for vaccination: a pilot study conducted in Italy. BMJ Health & Care Informatics 2025;32(1):e101248 View
  138. Koh L, Cheh Y, Yuen K, Wang X. Satisfaction with AI chatbots in crowdsourcing services: anthropomorphic and fairness perspectives. Behaviour & Information Technology 2025:1 View
  139. Bigliardi B, Bottani E, Dolci V, Monferdini L, Pini B. Artificial intelligence in consumer preferences: implications for health and well-being. Procedia Computer Science 2025;253:2869 View
  140. Cao Y, Yin H, Hua X, Bi S, Zhou D. Effects of artificial intelligence and virtual reality interventions in art therapy among older people with mild cognitive impairment. Australasian Journal on Ageing 2025;44(1) View
  141. Shankar R, Bundele A, Yap A, Mukhopadhyay A. Development and feasibility testing of an AI-powered chatbot for early detection of caregiver burden: protocol for a mixed methods feasibility study. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2025;16 View
  142. Kim M, Kim E, Lee H, Piao M, Rosen B, Allison J, Zai A, Nguyen H, Shin D, Kahn J. A Culturally Tailored Artificial Intelligence Chatbot (K-Bot) to Promote Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Among Korean Americans: Development and Usability Study. Asian/Pacific Island Nursing Journal 2025;9:e71865 View
  143. Nutbeam D, Milat A. Artificial intelligence and public health: prospects, hype and challenges. Public Health Research and Practice 2025;35(1) View
  144. Coelho J, Pécune F, Micoulaud-Franchi J, Bioulac B, Philip P. Promoting mental health in the age of new digital tools: balancing challenges and opportunities of social media, chatbots, and wearables. Frontiers in Digital Health 2025;7 View
  145. Srivastava P, Tewari A, Al‐Riyami A. Artificial intelligence chatbots in transfusion medicine: A cross‐sectional study. Vox Sanguinis 2025 View
  146. Esmaeilzadeh P, Hassanein K, Head M. AI-human interactions in healthcare: exploring users’ post-adoption behaviors of AI mental health chatbots. Behaviour & Information Technology 2025:1 View
  147. Mishra R, Patel H, Jamal A, Singh S. Potential role of large language models and personalized medicine to innovate cardiac rehabilitation. World Journal of Clinical Cases 2025;13(19) View
  148. Baek G, Cha C, Han J. AI Chatbots for Psychological Health for Health Professionals: Scoping Review. JMIR Human Factors 2025;12:e67682 View
  149. Bayram H, Çelik Z, Barcın Güzeldere H. Can artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot tools be used effectively for nutritional management in obesity?. Nutrition and Health 2025 View
  150. Al-Somali S. Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare: advancing older adults’ health management in Saudi Arabia through AI-powered chatbots. PeerJ Computer Science 2025;11:e2773 View
  151. Alessandro L, Bianciotti N, Salama L, Volmaro S, Navarrine V, Ameghino L, Arena J, Bestoso S, Bruno V, Castillo Torres S, Chamorro M, Couto B, De La Riestra T, Echeverria F, Genco J, Gonzalez del Boca F, Guarnaschelli M, Giugni J, Laffue A, Martinez Villota V, Medina Escobar A, Paez Maggio M, Rauek S, Rodriguez Quiroga S, Tela M, Villa C, Sanguinetti O, Kauffman M, Fernandez Slezak D, Farez M, Rossi M. Artificial Intelligence‐Based Virtual Assistant for the Diagnostic Approach of Chronic Ataxias. Movement Disorders 2025 View
  152. Gonzalez Aroca J, Vergara-Merino L, Escobar Liquitay C, Farías H, Arancibia J, Puelles Á, Madrid E. Role of artificial intelligence-powered conversational agents (chatbots) in musculoskeletal disorders: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open 2025;15(3):e092982 View
  153. Mohammad‐Rahimi H, Setzer F, Aminoshariae A, Dummer P, Duncan H, Nosrat A. Artificial intelligence chatbots in endodontic education—Concepts and potential applications. International Endodontic Journal 2025 View
  154. Puhlman D, Chen C. Challenges and opportunities in using interpretable AI to develop relationship interventions. Family Relations 2025 View
  155. Lee D, Chang B, Chan-Olmsted S. Will you accept a virtual human as a friend? Exploring the role of virtual humans in mood management and mental health support. Frontiers in Public Health 2025;13 View
  156. Hou Z, Wu Z, Qu Z, Gong L, Peng H, Jit M, Larson H, Wu J, Lin L. A vaccine chatbot intervention for parents to improve HPV vaccination uptake among middle school girls: a cluster randomized trial. Nature Medicine 2025 View
  157. Farías H, González Aroca J, Ortiz D. Chatbot Based on Large Language Model to Improve Adherence to Exercise-Based Treatment in People with Knee Osteoarthritis: System Development. Technologies 2025;13(4):140 View
  158. Aggarwal A, Qiao S, Yang C, Taylor S, Tam C, Li X, Ayatollahi H. Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of an online mindful walking intervention among COVID-19 long haulers: A mixed methods study including daily diary surveys. PLOS Digital Health 2025;4(4):e0000794 View
  159. Arslan N, Esin K, Ayyıldız F. A validity and reliability study of the artificial intelligence attitude scale (AIAS-4) and its relationship with social media addiction and eating behaviors in Turkish adults. BMC Public Health 2025;25(1) View
  160. Savelidi M, Savelidis S, Christoforidis C, Kleitsas V, Tzanetopoulou A, Fasouraki R. Utilization of Artificial Intelligence Generated Virtual Research Participants (VRPs) in Empirical Research: A Case of an Interview with Two Young Individuals from Ancient Greece, Each 2470 Years Old. European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 2024:55 View
  161. Huang Y, Wang W, Zhou J, Zhang L, Lin J, Liu H, Hu X, Zhou Z, Dong W. Integrative modeling enables ChatGPT to achieve average level of human counselors performance in mental health Q&A. Information Processing & Management 2025;62(5):104152 View
  162. Polimerou R, Spais G. Εstablishing relationships between brands and customers via strategic social media chatbots for telecom goods and services. Journal of Marketing Analytics 2025 View
  163. Maddox T, Embí P, Gerhart J, Goldsack J, Parikh R, Sarich T. Generative AI in Medicine — Evaluating Progress and Challenges. New England Journal of Medicine 2025 View
  164. Koscelny S, Sadralashrafi S, Neyens D. Generative AI responses are a dime a dozen; Making them count is the challenge – Evaluating information presentation styles in healthcare chatbots using hierarchical Bayesian regression models. Applied Ergonomics 2025;128:104515 View
  165. V D, Jodalli P, B R A. The role of chatbots and virtual assistants in enhancing tobacco cessation counselling. Frontiers in Digital Health 2025;7 View
  166. Nguyen L, Tran V, Li J, Baughn D, Shotwell J, Gushanas K, Hasan S, Falls L, Zhong R. Artificial Intelligence Chatbots as Sources for Patient Education Material on Child Abuse. Child Protection and Practice 2025:100167 View
  167. Wang J, Min H, Li T, Li J, Jiang Y, Zhang J, Wu Y, Sun X. Women's Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Artificial Intelligence Chatbots in Women's Health: A Discrete Choice Experiment Study (Preprint). Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024 View
  168. Baumel A. More than a chatbot: a practical framework to harness artificial intelligence across key components to boost digital therapeutics quality. Frontiers in Digital Health 2025;7 View
  169. Vanhée L, Andersson G, Garcia D, Sikström S. The rise of artificial intelligence for cognitive behavioral therapy: A bibliometric overview. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being 2025;17(2) View
  170. Wang K, Mirosa M, Hou Y, Bremer P. Advancing food safety behavior with AI: Innovations and opportunities in the food manufacturing sector. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2025;161:105050 View
  171. Mustuloğlu Ş. Can ChatGPT-3.5 Be Used to Answer Questions Related to Pediatric Dentistry?. Türk Diş Hekimliği Araştırma Dergisi 2025;4(1):12 View
  172. Büker M, Mercan G. Readability, accuracy and appropriateness and quality of AI chatbot responses as a patient information source on root canal retreatment: A comparative assessment. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2025;201:105948 View
  173. Shen J, Yu J, Zhang H, Lindsey M, An R. Artificial intelligence-powered social robots for promoting physical activity in older adults: A systematic review. Journal of Sport and Health Science 2025:101045 View
  174. Loughnane C, Laiti J, O’Donovan R, Dunne P. Systematic review exploring human, AI, and hybrid health coaching in digital health interventions: trends, engagement, and lifestyle outcomes. Frontiers in Digital Health 2025;7 View
  175. Hamilton D, Xie J, Chang A, Beatty A, Golbus J. Digital Technologies and Artificial Intelligence in Cardiac Rehabilitation. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention 2025;45(3):169 View
  176. Boeckmans J, Hagström H, Cryer D, Schattenberg J. The importance of patient engagement in the multimodal treatment of MASLD. Communications Medicine 2025;5(1) View
  177. Santonocito S, Cicciù M, Ronsivalle V. Evaluation of the impact of AI-based chatbot on orthodontic patient education: a preliminary randomised controlled trial. Clinical Oral Investigations 2025;29(5) View
  178. Jiménez-González C, Alonso-Peña M, Argos Vélez P, Crespo J, Iruzubieta P. Unraveling MASLD: The Role of Gut Microbiota, Dietary Modulation, and AI-Driven Lifestyle Interventions. Nutrients 2025;17(9):1580 View

Books/Policy Documents

  1. Abidi M, Rehman A, Mian S, Alkhalefah H, Usmani Y. Modern Healthcare Marketing in the Digital Era. View
  2. Mir Y, Piñero Pérez P, Pupo I, Acuña L, Pérez R. Computational Intelligence in Engineering and Project Management. View
  3. Muthmainnah M, Al Yakin A, NurJannah , Mursidin M, Al Aqad M. Driving Smart Medical Diagnosis Through AI-Powered Technologies and Applications. View
  4. Dierikx M, Albers N, Scheltinga B, Brinkman W. Persuasive Technology. View
  5. Barua R. Advances in Computational Intelligence for the Healthcare Industry 4.0. View
  6. Adrian W, Ignacyk J, Pyrczak K, Kluza K, Wiśniewski P, Ligęza A. Artificial Intelligence for Knowledge Management, Energy and Sustainability. View
  7. Wu L, Xiang P, Chen Y, Li J, Cao Z, Qi J. Big Data and Social Computing. View
  8. Marzo R. Modern Management Science Practices in the Age of AI. View
  9. Dey S, Singh K. Exploring the Micro World of Robotics Through Insect Robots. View
  10. Nakayama L, Zago Ribeiro L, Ferraz D, Regatieri C. Diseases of the Retina and Vitreous. View
  11. Rahmani P, Mortazavi P, Aghaei Meybodi H, Patrinos G, Sarhangi N, Nikfar S, Larijani B, Khodayari N, Hasanzad M. A Glimpse at Medicine in the Future. View
  12. Turchioe M, Lai A, Siek K. Human Computer Interaction in Healthcare. View
  13. Shaikh M, Dsilva J, Usmani F. Transforming Healthcare Sector Through Artificial Intelligence and Environmental Sustainability. View
  14. Sowbarnika A, Patra A, Kaur L, Suresh S, Srivastava S, Chawla D. Chatbots and Mental Healthcare in Psychology and Psychiatry. View
  15. Jain S, Singh R, Agarwal B, Singh A. Exploring Psychology, Social Innovation and Advanced Applications of Machine Learning. View
  16. Beg M, Verma M. Chatbots and Mental Healthcare in Psychology and Psychiatry. View
  17. Garg V, Malhotra C, Kumar H, Bhardwaj A, Bansal R, Saini S. Innovations in Healthcare Technologies in India. View
  18. Herbst S, Hossein M. Artificial Intelligence for Oral Health Care. View
  19. Li L, Ma C. The Handbook of Primary Healthcare. View
  20. Diniz J. Federated Learning Systems. View
  21. Bassin S, Vaca R, Srinath R. Lifestyle Medicine. View

Conference Proceedings

  1. S A, A S, R A, S D, Sekar R. 2023 International Conference on Research Methodologies in Knowledge Management, Artificial Intelligence and Telecommunication Engineering (RMKMATE). A Novel AI-based chatbot Application for Personalized Medical Diagnosis and review using Large Language Models View
  2. Ahmadi S, Fox E. 2024 IEEE First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Medicine, Health and Care (AIMHC). AI Chatbot for Generating Episodic Future Thinking (EFT) Cue Texts for Health View
  3. Young J, Jawara L, Nguyen D, Daly B, Huh-Yoo J, Razi A. Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. The Role of AI in Peer Support for Young People: A Study of Preferences for Human- and AI-Generated Responses View
  4. Chandra P, Joshi G, Bhagwat R. 2023 IEEE Engineering Informatics. ChatGPT's Evolution in Reshaping Cognitive Behavioral Therapy View
  5. Khurana S, Malik A, Narwal S, Agarwal G, Sangwan K. 2024 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Applications (ICCICA). Potential of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Sector View
  6. Pietrantoni N. 2023 Fourth International Conference on Information Systems and Software Technologies (ICI2ST). A Structured Literature Review on Conversational Agents that Empower Health Interventions View
  7. Oliveira G, Pah N, Ngo Q, Papa J, Kumar D. 2024 IEEE 37th International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS). NestNeuro: Leveraging Chatbots for Vocal Screening View
  8. Asif M, Manan A, Ur Rehman A, Asghar M, Umair M. 2024 Horizons of Information Technology and Engineering (HITE). AI-Driven Chatbot for Intrusion Detection in Edge Networks: Enhancing Cybersecurity with Ethical User Consent View
  9. Fallah M, Nouraei F, Yun H, Bickmore T. Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents. Investigating User Perceptions of Collaborative Agenda Setting in Virtual Health Counseling Session View
  10. Bludo G, Buabeng-Andoh F. Proceedings of the 18th International Scientific Conference INPROFORUM. Leveraging Social Media Engagement Data for Predicting Consumer Buying Behaviour: A Systematic Literature Review View
  11. Lestarini D, Raflesia S. 2024 International Conference of Adisutjipto on Aerospace Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICAAEEI). Towards AI Chatbot Effectiveness: Crucial Elements Impacting User Engagement and Satisfaction View
  12. Reategui-Rivera C, Smiley A, Finkelstein J. 2025 IEEE 15th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC). LLM-Based Chatbot to Reduce Mental Illness Stigma in Healthcare Providers View
  13. A B, Scaria J, Trivedi A, Sharma T, Yadav A, Nair R. 2024 IEEE 4th International Conference on ICT in Business Industry & Government (ICTBIG). Exploring Ethical Dimensions of Employing Artificial Intelligence Algorithms in Healthcare Environments View
  14. Natarajan B, Harini S, Fathima M, Subhashini S. 2024 4th International Conference on Soft Computing for Security Applications (ICSCSA). Nutrition and Food Suggestions for Healthcare using Chatbot View
  15. Gadhvi R, Petkar S, Desai P, Ramachandran S, Siddharth S. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. AdaptAI: A Personalized Solution to Sense Your Stress, Fix Your Mess, and Boost Productivity View
  16. Jörke M, Sapkota S, Warkenthien L, Vainio N, Schmiedmayer P, Brunskill E, Landay J. Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. GPTCoach: Towards LLM-Based Physical Activity Coaching View
  17. Sato T, Sano T, Kumakawa E, Fujimura K, Yamashita N. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. What Dialogue Content Leads to a Trust Relationship and Behavior Change? Dialogue and Questionnaire Analysis View
  18. Lin Y, Chen Y, Chuang C, Yuan C, Bi N, Chang H, Huang M, You C. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Using the Kano Method to Evaluate Features of Chatbot-Based Technological Support for Recovery from Alcohol Use Disorder View
  19. Wang W. 2024 IEEE 6th Eurasia Conference on IoT, Communication and Engineering. vFerryman: An Artificial Intelligence-Driven Personalized Companion Providing Calming Visuals and Social Interaction for Emotional Well-Being View