Published on in Vol 23, No 5 (2021): May

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/27460, first published .
Medical Specialty Recommendations by an Artificial Intelligence Chatbot on a Smartphone: Development and Deployment

Medical Specialty Recommendations by an Artificial Intelligence Chatbot on a Smartphone: Development and Deployment

Medical Specialty Recommendations by an Artificial Intelligence Chatbot on a Smartphone: Development and Deployment

Authors of this article:

Hyeonhoon Lee1 Author Orcid Image ;   Jaehyun Kang2 Author Orcid Image ;   Jonghyeon Yeo3 Author Orcid Image

Journals

  1. Glock H, Milos Nymberg V, Borgström Bolmsjö B, Holm J, Calling S, Wolff M, Pikkemaat M. Attitudes, Barriers, and Concerns Regarding Telemedicine Among Swedish Primary Care Physicians: A Qualitative Study. International Journal of General Medicine 2021;Volume 14:9237 View
  2. Ip W, Prahalad P, Palma J, Chen J. A Data-Driven Algorithm to Recommend Initial Clinical Workup for Outpatient Specialty Referral: Algorithm Development and Validation Using Electronic Health Record Data and Expert Surveys. JMIR Medical Informatics 2022;10(3):e30104 View
  3. Chen J, Baxter S. Applications of natural language processing in ophthalmology: present and future. Frontiers in Medicine 2022;9 View
  4. Oyebode O, Fowles J, Steeves D, Orji R. Machine Learning Techniques in Adaptive and Personalized Systems for Health and Wellness. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2023;39(9):1938 View
  5. Ruma J, Anjum F, Siddiqua R, Rahman M, Rohan A, Rahman R. Outdoor patient classification in hospitals based on symptoms in Bengali language. Journal of Information and Telecommunication 2023;7(3):336 View
  6. Lahat A, Shachar E, Avidan B, Glicksberg B, Klang E. Evaluating the Utility of a Large Language Model in Answering Common Patients’ Gastrointestinal Health-Related Questions: Are We There Yet?. Diagnostics 2023;13(11):1950 View
  7. Antonicelli M, Rubino M, Maggino F. Demographic and Economic Determinants of Digitalization in Healthcare: An Exploratory Analysis of the Italian Local Health Centers. Social Indicators Research 2023;169(1-2):529 View
  8. Abonizio H, Barbon A, Rodrigues R, Santos M, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Mesas A, Barbon Junior S. How people interact with a chatbot against disinformation and fake news in COVID-19 in Brazil: The CoronaAI case. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2023;177:105134 View
  9. Lim W, Custodio R, Sunga M, Amoranto A, Sarmiento R. General Characteristics and Design Taxonomy of Chatbots for COVID-19: Systematic Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024;26:e43112 View
  10. Hasuki W, Agustriawan D, Parikesit A, Sadrawi M, Firmansyah M, Whisnu A, Natasya J, Mathew R, Napitupulu F, Ratnasari N. Development of Artificial Neural Network Model for Medical Specialty Recommendation. Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology 2023;31(6):2723 View
  11. Aminizadeh S, Heidari A, Toumaj S, Darbandi M, Navimipour N, Rezaei M, Talebi S, Azad P, Unal M. The applications of machine learning techniques in medical data processing based on distributed computing and the Internet of Things. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 2023;241:107745 View
  12. Yang T, Sucholutsky I, Jen K, Schonlau M. exKidneyBERT: a language model for kidney transplant pathology reports and the crucial role of extended vocabularies. PeerJ Computer Science 2024;10:e1888 View
  13. Sandrone S. Chatbots in neurology and neuroscience: Interactions with students, patients and neurologists. Brain Disorders 2024;15:100145 View
  14. Rojas-Carabali W, Agrawal R, Gutierrez-Sinisterra L, Baxter S, Cifuentes-González C, Wei Y, Abisheganaden J, Kannapiran P, Wong S, Lee B, de-la-Torre A, Agrawal R. Natural Language Processing in medicine and ophthalmology: A review for the 21st-century clinician. Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology 2024;13(4):100084 View
  15. Chow J, Li K. Ethical Considerations in Human-Centered AI: Advancing Oncology Chatbots Through Large Language Models. JMIR Bioinformatics and Biotechnology 2024;5:e64406 View
  16. Benalcazar C, Mendez M, Melendez A, Chango W. Importance of the Chatbot in the Different Social Areas. ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M. 2024;3(2):156 View
  17. Chen C, Lam K, Yip K, So H, Lum T, Wong I, Yam J, Chui C, Ip P. Comparison of an AI Chatbot With a Nurse Hotline in Reducing Anxiety and Depression Levels in the General Population: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Human Factors 2025;12:e65785 View
  18. Yan L, Li Q, Fu K, Zhou X, Zhang K. Progress in the Application of Artificial Intelligence in Ultrasound-Assisted Medical Diagnosis. Bioengineering 2025;12(3):288 View
  19. Lee J, Oh S, Schwendicke F, Chaurasia A, Kim Y. Evaluating the quality and empathy of responses to patient questions on the Korean Academy of Periodontology’s online question and answer section: a cross-sectional study comparing periodontists and an AI-powered chatbot. Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science 2025;55 View
  20. Chow J, Li K. Large Language Models in Medical Chatbots: Opportunities, Challenges, and the Need to Address AI Risks. Information 2025;16(7):549 View
  21. Završnik J, Kokol P, Žlahtič B, Blažun Vošner H. Machine Learning in Primary Health Care: The Research Landscape. Healthcare 2025;13(13):1629 View
  22. Liu Z, Quan Y, Lyu X, Alenazi M. Enhancing Clinical Accuracy of Medical Chatbots With Large Language Models. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 2025;29(9):6395 View
  23. Shi J, Li X, Ning Y, Kong W, Guo W, Ma T, Yang N, Lu J, Guo Y, Liu L, Yang C. Application of generative artificial intelligence chatbots + project task driven teaching in undergraduate nursing students: a quasi-experimental study. BMC Medical Education 2025 View

Books/Policy Documents

  1. Drozda P, Sopyła K. Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing. View
  2. Buzcu B, Pannatier Y, Aydoğan R, Ignaz Schumacher M, Calbimonte J, Calvaresi D. Explainable and Transparent AI and Multi-Agent Systems. View
  3. D’Uggento A, Marin C. Methodological and Applied Statistics and Demography II. View

Books/Policy Documents

  1. Saiz Manzanares M, Martínez Martín M, Escolar Llamazares M, Ortiz Huerta J, Santamaría Vázquez M, Mercado Val E, Marticorena Sánchez R, Arnáiz González Á, Díez Pastor J, Rodríguez Arribas S. Formación y especialización en atención temprana: uso de recursos tecnológicos y de inteligencia artificial. View
  2. Saiz Manzanares M, Martínez Martín M, Escolar Llamazares M, Ortiz Huerta J, Santamaría Vázquez M, Mercado Val E, Marticorena Sánchez R, Arnáiz González Á, Díez Pastor J, Rodríguez Arribas S. Training and specialisation in early intervention: use of technological resources and artificial intelligence. View

Conference Proceedings

  1. Nikam S, Lakade D, Ahire A, Somwanshi J, Late R. 2022 3rd International Conference for Emerging Technology (INCET). Covid-19 Android chatbot using RASA View
  2. Kaur G, Sharma A. 2022 Algorithms, Computing and Mathematics Conference (ACM). AI/ML Sentiment Analysis Model for Medical Chatbot: A Review View
  3. Etika R, Progga T, Khan M. 2024 International Conference on Sustainable Communication Networks and Application (ICSCNA). A Web Application Based Mental Health & Illness Diagnosis with Machine Learning Approach and NLP Based Chat System View
  4. Turken G, Druba R, Kuandyk A, Mergenov M. 2025 IEEE 5th International Conference on Smart Information Systems and Technologies (SIST). Enhancing Query Classification in Chatbot Using LSTM View