Published on in Vol 23, No 10 (2021): October

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/31400, first published .
International Changes in COVID-19 Clinical Trajectories Across 315 Hospitals and 6 Countries: Retrospective Cohort Study

International Changes in COVID-19 Clinical Trajectories Across 315 Hospitals and 6 Countries: Retrospective Cohort Study

International Changes in COVID-19 Clinical Trajectories Across 315 Hospitals and 6 Countries: Retrospective Cohort Study

Authors of this article:

Griffin M Weber1 Author Orcid Image ;   Harrison G Zhang1 Author Orcid Image ;   Sehi L'Yi1 Author Orcid Image ;   Clara-Lea Bonzel1 Author Orcid Image ;   Chuan Hong1 Author Orcid Image ;   Paul Avillach1 Author Orcid Image ;   Alba Gutiérrez-Sacristán1 Author Orcid Image ;   Nathan P Palmer1 Author Orcid Image ;   Amelia Li Min Tan1 Author Orcid Image ;   Xuan Wang1 Author Orcid Image ;   William Yuan1 Author Orcid Image ;   Nils Gehlenborg1 Author Orcid Image ;   Anna Alloni2 Author Orcid Image ;   Danilo F Amendola3 Author Orcid Image ;   Antonio Bellasi4 Author Orcid Image ;   Riccardo Bellazzi5 Author Orcid Image ;   Michele Beraghi6 Author Orcid Image ;   Mauro Bucalo2 Author Orcid Image ;   Luca Chiovato7 Author Orcid Image ;   Kelly Cho8 Author Orcid Image ;   Arianna Dagliati9 Author Orcid Image ;   Hossein Estiri10 Author Orcid Image ;   Robert W Follett11 Author Orcid Image ;   Noelia García Barrio12 Author Orcid Image ;   David A Hanauer13 Author Orcid Image ;   Darren W Henderson14 Author Orcid Image ;   Yuk-Lam Ho8 Author Orcid Image ;   John H Holmes15, 16 Author Orcid Image ;   Meghan R Hutch17 Author Orcid Image ;   Ramakanth Kavuluru18 Author Orcid Image ;   Katie Kirchoff19 Author Orcid Image ;   Jeffrey G Klann10 Author Orcid Image ;   Ashok K Krishnamurthy20 Author Orcid Image ;   Trang T Le15 Author Orcid Image ;   Molei Liu21 Author Orcid Image ;   Ne Hooi Will Loh22 Author Orcid Image ;   Sara Lozano-Zahonero23 Author Orcid Image ;   Yuan Luo17 Author Orcid Image ;   Sarah Maidlow24 Author Orcid Image ;   Adeline Makoudjou23 Author Orcid Image ;   Alberto Malovini25 Author Orcid Image ;   Marcelo Roberto Martins26 Author Orcid Image ;   Bertrand Moal27 Author Orcid Image ;   Michele Morris28 Author Orcid Image ;   Danielle L Mowery15 Author Orcid Image ;   Shawn N Murphy29 Author Orcid Image ;   Antoine Neuraz30 Author Orcid Image ;   Kee Yuan Ngiam31 Author Orcid Image ;   Marina P Okoshi32 Author Orcid Image ;   Gilbert S Omenn33 Author Orcid Image ;   Lav P Patel34 Author Orcid Image ;   Miguel Pedrera Jiménez12 Author Orcid Image ;   Robson A Prudente32 Author Orcid Image ;   Malarkodi Jebathilagam Samayamuthu28 Author Orcid Image ;   Fernando J Sanz Vidorreta11 Author Orcid Image ;   Emily R Schriver35 Author Orcid Image ;   Petra Schubert8 Author Orcid Image ;   Pablo Serrano Balazote12 Author Orcid Image ;   Byorn WL Tan36 Author Orcid Image ;   Suzana E Tanni32 Author Orcid Image ;   Valentina Tibollo25 Author Orcid Image ;   Shyam Visweswaran28 Author Orcid Image ;   Kavishwar B Wagholikar10 Author Orcid Image ;   Zongqi Xia37 Author Orcid Image ;   Daniela Zöller23 Author Orcid Image ;   The Consortium For Clinical Characterization Of COVID-19 By EHR (4CE)1 ;   Isaac S Kohane1 Author Orcid Image ;   Tianxi Cai1 Author Orcid Image ;   Andrew M South38 Author Orcid Image ;   Gabriel A Brat1 Author Orcid Image

Griffin M Weber   1 * , MD, PhD ;   Harrison G Zhang   1 * , HSDG ;   Sehi L'Yi   1 * , PhD ;   Clara-Lea Bonzel   1 , MSc ;   Chuan Hong   1 , PhD ;   Paul Avillach   1 , MD, PhD ;   Alba Gutiérrez-Sacristán   1 , PhD ;   Nathan P Palmer   1 , PhD ;   Amelia Li Min Tan   1 , BSc, PhD ;   Xuan Wang   1 , PhD ;   William Yuan   1 , PhD ;   Nils Gehlenborg   1 , PhD ;   Anna Alloni   2 , PhD ;   Danilo F Amendola   3 , MSc ;   Antonio Bellasi   4 , MD, PhD ;   Riccardo Bellazzi   5 , MS, PhD ;   Michele Beraghi   6 , MS ;   Mauro Bucalo   2 , MS ;   Luca Chiovato   7 , MD, PhD ;   Kelly Cho   8 , PhD ;   Arianna Dagliati   9 , MS, PhD ;   Hossein Estiri   10 , PhD ;   Robert W Follett   11 , BS ;   Noelia García Barrio   12 , MS ;   David A Hanauer   13 , MS, MD ;   Darren W Henderson   14 , BS ;   Yuk-Lam Ho   8 , MPH ;   John H Holmes   15, 16 , MS, PhD ;   Meghan R Hutch   17 , BS ;   Ramakanth Kavuluru   18 , PhD ;   Katie Kirchoff   19 , MSHI ;   Jeffrey G Klann   10 , MEng, PhD ;   Ashok K Krishnamurthy   20 , PhD ;   Trang T Le   15 , PhD ;   Molei Liu   21 , MSc ;   Ne Hooi Will Loh   22 , MBBS ;   Sara Lozano-Zahonero   23 , PhD ;   Yuan Luo   17 , PhD ;   Sarah Maidlow   24 , AA ;   Adeline Makoudjou   23 , MD ;   Alberto Malovini   25 , PhD ;   Marcelo Roberto Martins   26 , MSc ;   Bertrand Moal   27 , MD, PhD ;   Michele Morris   28 , BA ;   Danielle L Mowery   15 , PhD ;   Shawn N Murphy   29 , MD, PhD ;   Antoine Neuraz   30 , MD, PhD ;   Kee Yuan Ngiam   31 , MBBS, MRCS, MMed ;   Marina P Okoshi   32 , MD, PhD ;   Gilbert S Omenn   33 , MD, PhD ;   Lav P Patel   34 , MS ;   Miguel Pedrera Jiménez   12 , MS ;   Robson A Prudente   32 , PhD ;   Malarkodi Jebathilagam Samayamuthu   28 , MD ;   Fernando J Sanz Vidorreta   11 , BS ;   Emily R Schriver   35 , MS ;   Petra Schubert   8 , MPH ;   Pablo Serrano Balazote   12 , MS, MD ;   Byorn WL Tan   36 , MBBS ;   Suzana E Tanni   32 , MD, PhD ;   Valentina Tibollo   25 , MS ;   Shyam Visweswaran   28 , MD, PhD ;   Kavishwar B Wagholikar   10 , MBBS, PhD ;   Zongqi Xia   37 , MD, PhD ;   Daniela Zöller   23 , PhD ;   The Consortium For Clinical Characterization Of COVID-19 By EHR (4CE)   1 ;   Isaac S Kohane   1 , MD, PhD ;   Tianxi Cai   1 * , ScD ;   Andrew M South   38 * , MS, MD ;   Gabriel A Brat   1 * , MPH, MD

1 Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States

2 BIOMERIS (BIOMedical Research Informatics Solutions), Pavia, Italy

3 Clinical Research Unit, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil

4 Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland

5 Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

6 Information Technology Department, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale di Pavia, Pavia, Italy

7 Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA SB IRCCS, Pavia, Italy

8 Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States

9 Department of Electrical Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

10 Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States

11 Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States

12 Health Informatics, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain

13 Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

14 Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States

15 Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States

16 Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States

17 Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States

18 Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States

19 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States

20 Department of Computer Science, Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States

21 Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States

22 Department of Anaesthesia, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore

23 Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

24 Michigan Institute for Clinical & Health Research Informatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

25 Laboratory of Informatics and Systems Engineering for Clinical Research, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA SB IRCCS, Pavia, Italy

26 Clinical Hospital of Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil

27 Informatique et archivistique médicales unit, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France

28 Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States

29 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States

30 Department of Biomedical Informatics, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malade, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris, Paris, France

31 Department of Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Digital Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore

32 Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil

33 Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, Internal Medicine, Human Genetics, and Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

34 Division of Medical Informatics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States

35 Data Analytics Center, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States

36 Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore

37 Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States

38 Section of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Brenner Children's Hospital, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States

*these authors contributed equally

Corresponding Author:

  • Tianxi Cai, ScD
  • Department of Biomedical Informatics
  • Harvard Medical School
  • 10 Shattuck St
  • Boston, MA, 02115
  • United States
  • Phone: 1 6175488520
  • Email: tcai@hsph.harvard.edu