From Divergent Guidelines to Delphi-Ready Items: Tutorial for Large Language Model–Assisted Guideline Harmonization Using Penile Cancer as a Worked Example

Maximilian Haas   ^{1 *} , MD ;   Emily Rinderknecht   ^{1, 2 *} , MD ;   Matthias May   ^{3 *} , Prof Dr, MD, PhD ;   Maximilian Burger   ¹ , Prof Dr, MD ;   Christian Gilfrich   ³ , MD ;   Anne Herrmann   ⁴ , Prof Dr ;   Sabine Brookman-May   ⁵ , Prof Dr, MD ;   Christoph Alexander Eckl   ¹ , MD ;   Udo Kruschwitz   ⁶ , Prof Dr ;   Samy Ateia   ^{6 *} , MSc ;   Gregor Donabauer   ^{1, 6 *} , MA

¹ Department for Urology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany

² Department of Urology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany

³ Department of Urology, Barmherzige Brüder Klinikum St. Elisabeth in Straubing, Straubing, Bavaria, Germany

⁴ Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Medical Sociology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany

⁵ Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Bavaria, Germany

⁶ Faculty of Information Science, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

*these authors contributed equally