Published on in Vol 28 (2026)

1 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
2 College of Medicine, Professional Master Program in Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
3 Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
4 Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
5 Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
6 Taipei Medical University Research Center of Urology and Kidney (TMU-RCUK), Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
7 Graduate Institute of Data Science, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
8 Department of Information Technology Office, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
9 Department of Medicine Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
10 Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
11 Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
12 Office of Superintendent, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
13 School of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
14 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
15 Center of Digital Innovation and Development, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
*these authors contributed equally
