Assessing the Evolution and Influence of Medical Open Databases on Biomedical Research and Health Care Innovation: A 25-Year Perspective With a Focus on Privacy and Privacy-Enhancing Technologies

Albert Yang   ^{1, 2, 3} , MD, PhD ;   Mei-Lien Pan   ⁴ , PhD ;   Henry Horng-Shing Lu   ^{5, 6, 7, 8, 9} , PhD ;   Chung-Yueh Lien   ¹⁰ , PhD ;   Da-Wei Wang   ^{11 †} , PhD ;   Chih-Hsiung Chen   ¹² , PhD ;   Der-Cherng Tarng   ^{2, 13, 14, 15} , MD, PhD ;   Dau-Ming Niu   ^{2, 14, 16} , MD, PhD ;   Shih-Hwa Chiou   ^{3, 17} , MD, PhD ;   Chun-Ying Wu   ^{18, 19} , MD, PhD ;   Ying - Chou Sun   ²⁰ , MD ;   Shih-Ann Chen   ^{2, 21} , MD ;   Shuu-Jiun Wang   ^{2, 22, 23} , MD ;   Wayne Huey-Herng Sheu   ²⁴ , MD, PhD ;   Chi-Hung Lin   ²⁵ , MD, PhD

¹ Digital Medicine and Smart Healthcare Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, Taiwan

² School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

³ Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

⁴ Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

⁵ Institute of Statistics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan

⁶ Biomedical Artificial Intelligence Academy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

⁷ Department of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

⁸ Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

⁹ Department of Statistics and Data Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States

¹⁰ Department of Information Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan

¹¹ Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

¹² Institute of Technology Law, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

¹³ Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

¹⁴ Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

¹⁵ Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

¹⁶ Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

¹⁷ Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

¹⁸ Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

¹⁹ Health Innovation Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

²⁰ Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

²¹ Department of Cardiovascular Center and Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan

²² Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

²³ Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

²⁴ Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan

²⁵ Department of Biological Science & Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

†deceased