Published on in Vol 27 (2025)

1 Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
2 Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
3 Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
4 Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
5 School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
6 Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
7 Penn Data and Analytics Center of Excellence, Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
8 Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
*these authors contributed equally
