Published on in Vol 27 (2025)

1 School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
2 Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
3 Department of Health Policy and Management, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
4 The Harold and Inge Marcus Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
5 Department of Medicine, Stanford University, California, CA, United States
6 Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
7 Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
8 Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
9 Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
10 Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
11 Center for Digital Health, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
*these authors contributed equally
