Decades in the Making: The Evolution of Digital Health Research Infrastructure Through Synthetic Data, Common Data Models, and Federated Learning

Jodie A Austin   ^{1, 2} , BPharm, DipClinPharm, PhD ;   Elton H Lobo   ¹ , BE, MEng, PhD ;   Mahnaz Samadbeik   ^{1, 3} , HIM, PhD ;   Teyl Engstrom   ¹ , BMath, BBus, MEpi ;   Reji Philip   ^{1, 2} , BSc, MCA, MIT ;   Jason D Pole   ^{1, 4} , BHSc (Hons), MScEpi, PhD ;   Clair M Sullivan   ^{1, 5} , MBBS (Hons), MD

¹ Queensland Digital Health Centre, Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

² The Office of the Chief Clinical Information Officer, eHealth Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

³ Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran

⁴ Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

⁵ Endocrinology Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Australia