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This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Chatbots and Conversational Agents (1257) Safety and Error Prevention in Health (341) Information Seeking, Information Needs (672) Qualitative Methods (258) Voice Assistants (75) Consumer Health Informatics Innovations (50) Information Demand (68)

Published on in Vol 23, No 11 (2021): November

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/30704, first published .
Siri on iPhone displays headache and migraine drug information with a warning

Mitigating Patient and Consumer Safety Risks When Using Conversational Assistants for Medical Information: Exploratory Mixed Methods Experiment

Mitigating Patient and Consumer Safety Risks When Using Conversational Assistants for Medical Information: Exploratory Mixed Methods Experiment

Authors of this article:

Timothy W Bickmore1 Author Orcid Image ;   Stefán Ólafsson1 Author Orcid Image ;   Teresa K O'Leary1 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (15) Tweetations (3) Metrics

Journals

  1. Magnani J, Ferry D, Swabe G, Martin D, Chen X, Brooks M, Kimani E, Paasche-Orlow M, Ólafsson S, Bickmore T, El Khoudary S. Design and rationale of the mobile health intervention for rural atrial fibrillation. American Heart Journal 2022;252:16 View
  2. Montenegro J, da Costa C, Janssen L. Evaluating the use of chatbot during pregnancy: A usability study. Healthcare Analytics 2022;2:100072 View
  3. Sezgin E, Oiler B, Abbott B, Noritz G, Huang Y. “Hey Siri, Help Me Take Care of My Child”: A Feasibility Study With Caregivers of Children With Special Healthcare Needs Using Voice Interaction and Automatic Speech Recognition in Remote Care Management. Frontiers in Public Health 2022;10 View
  4. Hopman K, Richards D, Norberg M. A Digital Coach to Promote Emotion Regulation Skills. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 2023;7(6):57 View
  5. Ramadhani C. Chatbots in Pharmacy: A Boon or a Bane for Patient Care and Pharmacy Practice?. Sciences of Pharmacy 2023;2(3):1 View
  6. Hopman K, Richards D, Norberg M. A staged approach to the development of an embodied conversational agent to support wellbeing after injury. Behaviour & Information Technology 2026;45(8):1490 View
  7. Atalla A, Nashwan A. AI companions aid emotional support and role transition in early caregivers. Evidence Based Nursing 2025:ebnurs-2025-104496 View
  8. Reis F, Agha-Mir-Salim L, Hickstein R, Reis M, Piper S, Balzer F, Boie S. Disclaimers and Referral Patterns for Medical Advice Across Urgency Levels: Large Language Model Evaluation Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2026;28:e84668 View
  9. Maw A, Lupi A, Johnson-Koenke R, Coats H, Zhou L, Li B, Mitchell J, Kotz A, Plasek J, Goss F. Iterative Multidisciplinary Development and Evaluation of a Patient-Facing Social Determinants of Health Chatbot Using Synthetic Data Simulation: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Formative Research 2026;10:e89837 View
  10. Bilgiç E, Karacan E. Clinical Safety and Reliability of Large Language Models in Answering Hemorrhoid-Related Patient Questions: A Comparative Study of ChatGPT, Gemini, and DeepSeek. Healthcare 2026;14(13):1909 View
  11. Alzahrani M, Almarghalani D, Hammad A, Alharbi A, Alhayfani M, Alharthi M, Momenah T, Almehmadi K, Alzahrani A, Alazwari D, Althobaiti A, Alkhudaidi M, Aljudayi E, Alsufyani D, Alsufyani H. Public knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of the use of ChatGPT for self-diagnosis, health information, and medication use: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Public Health 2026;14 View

Books/Policy Documents

  1. Hopman K, Richards D, Norberg M. Persuasive Technology. View
  2. Ghosh D, Ghatak S, Paul H. Biomedical Robots and Devices in Healthcare. View
  3. Joshi R, Bengler K, Augustyniak J. Persuasive Technology. View

Conference Proceedings

  1. Abugokh L, Hasheer M, Ismail H, Satrya G. 2024 17th International Conference on Development in eSystem Engineering (DeSE). Assessing AI-powered Personal Assistant Siri: A Risk Analysis using ISO/IEC 27005 View