Published on in Vol 23, No 1 (2021): January

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/17233, first published .
Virtual Reality Relaxation for Patients With a Psychiatric Disorder: Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial

Virtual Reality Relaxation for Patients With a Psychiatric Disorder: Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial

Virtual Reality Relaxation for Patients With a Psychiatric Disorder: Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial

Journals

  1. Colombo D, Díaz‐García A, Fernandez‐Álvarez J, Botella C. Virtual reality for the enhancement of emotion regulation. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 2021;28(3):519 View
  2. Jensen B, Andersen N, Petersen J, Nyboe L, Tamam L. Enhanced Mental Health with Virtual Reality Mental Hygiene by a Veteran Suffering from PTSD. Case Reports in Psychiatry 2021;2021:1 View
  3. Riches S, Jeyarajaguru P, Taylor L, Fialho C, Little J, Ahmed L, O’Brien A, van Driel C, Veling W, Valmaggia L. Virtual reality relaxation for people with mental health conditions: a systematic review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2023;58(7):989 View
  4. Knaust T, Felnhofer A, Kothgassner O, Reinke M, Browning M, Höllmer H, Schulz H. Nature videos for PTSD: protocol for a mixed-methods feasibility study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 2022;13(2) View
  5. Ionescu A, Van Daele T, Rizzo A, Blair C, Best P. 360° Videos for Immersive Mental Health Interventions: a Systematic Review. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science 2021;6(4):631 View
  6. Yuan S, Browning M, McAnirlin O, Sindelar K, Shin S, Drong G, Hoptman D, Heller W. A virtual reality investigation of factors influencing landscape preferences: Natural elements, emotions, and media creation. Landscape and Urban Planning 2023;230:104616 View
  7. Pawassar C, Tiberius V. Virtual Reality in Health Care: Bibliometric Analysis. JMIR Serious Games 2021;9(4):e32721 View
  8. Nijman S, Pijnenborg G, Vermeer R, Zandee C, Zandstra D, van der Vorm D, de Wit - de Visser A, Meins I, Geraets C, Veling W. Dynamic Interactive Social Cognition Training in Virtual Reality (DiSCoVR) versus Virtual Reality Relaxation (VRelax) for People With a Psychotic Disorder: A Single-Blind Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2022 View
  9. Behrens S, Streuber S, Keizer A, Giel K. How immersive virtual reality can become a key tool to advance research and psychotherapy of eating and weight disorders. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2022;13 View
  10. Elies C, Serra É. Réalité virtuelle et santé des personnes âgées institutionnalisées. Vers un EHPAD 2.0 ?. Pratiques Psychologiques 2022;28(4):191 View
  11. Sekula A, Downey L, Puspanathan P. Virtual Reality as a Moderator of Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy. Frontiers in Psychology 2022;13 View
  12. Browning M, Shin S, Drong G, McAnirlin O, Gagnon R, Ranganathan S, Sindelar K, Hoptman D, Bratman G, Yuan S, Prabhu V, Heller W. Daily exposure to virtual nature reduces symptoms of anxiety in college students. Scientific Reports 2023;13(1) View
  13. Jeong H, Oh J, Paik M, Kim H, Jang S, Kim B, Kim J. Development and Feasibility Assessment of Virtual Reality-Based Relaxation Self-Training Program. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 2022;2 View
  14. Son H, Ross A, Mendoza-Tirado E, Lee L. Virtual Reality in Clinical Practice and Research: Viewpoint on Novel Applications for Nursing. JMIR Nursing 2022;5(1):e34036 View
  15. Orsolini L, Appignanesi C, Pompili S, Volpe U. The role of digital tools in providing youth mental health: results from an international multi-center study. International Review of Psychiatry 2022;34(7-8):809 View
  16. Chung O, Johnson A, Dowling N, Robinson T, Ng C, Yücel M, Segrave R. Are Australian Mental Health Services Ready for Therapeutic Virtual Reality? An Investigation of Knowledge, Attitudes, Implementation Barriers and Enablers. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2022;13 View
  17. Nijland J, Veling W, Lestestuiver B, Van Driel C. Virtual Reality Relaxation for Reducing Perceived Stress of Intensive Care Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology 2021;12 View
  18. Jóźwik S, Wrzeciono A, Cieślik B, Kiper P, Szczepańska-Gieracha J, Gajda R. The Use of Virtual Therapy in Cardiac Rehabilitation of Male Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: A Randomized Pilot Study. Healthcare 2022;10(4):745 View
  19. Kai Y, Seki Y, Suzuki R, Kogawa A, Tanioka R, Osaka K, Zhao Y, Tanioka T. Evaluation of a Remote-Controlled Drone System for Bedridden Patients Using Their Eyes Based on Clinical Experiment. Technologies 2023;11(1):15 View
  20. Rault O, Lamothe H, Pelissolo A. Therapeutic use of virtual reality relaxation in schizophrenia: A pilot study. Psychiatry Research 2022;309:114389 View
  21. Riches S, Taylor L, Jeyarajaguru P, Veling W, Valmaggia L. Virtual reality and immersive technologies to promote workplace wellbeing: a systematic review. Journal of Mental Health 2024;33(2):253 View
  22. Chan K, Hui C, Suen Y, Lee E, Chang W, Chan S, Chen E. Application of Immersive Virtual Reality for Assessment and Intervention in Psychosis: A Systematic Review. Brain Sciences 2023;13(3):471 View
  23. Ahmed F, Requena Carrión J, Bellotti F, Barresi G, Floris F, Berta R. Applications of Serious Games as Affective Disorder Therapies in Autistic and Neurotypical Individuals: A Literature Review. Applied Sciences 2023;13(8):4706 View
  24. Luo L, Yu P, Jiang B. Differentiating mental health promotion effects of various bluespaces: An electroencephalography study. Journal of Environmental Psychology 2023;88:102010 View
  25. Meins I, Muijsson-Bouwman D, Nijman S, Greaves-Lord K, Veling W, Pijnenborg G, van der Stouwe E. VR-SOAP, a modular virtual reality treatment for improving social activities and participation of young people with psychosis: a study protocol for a single-blind multi-centre randomized controlled trial. Trials 2023;24(1) View
  26. Lee S, Heo S, Kim S, Park C, Jung Y, Ji G, Lee H, Kim K, Kim S, Kim B, Kim J. The Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Intervention for COVID-19-Related Psychological Distress: A Systematic Review. Psychiatry Investigation 2023;20(4):357 View
  27. Lundin R, Yeap Y, Menkes D. Adverse Effects of Virtual and Augmented Reality Interventions in Psychiatry: Systematic Review. JMIR Mental Health 2023;10:e43240 View
  28. Humbert A, Kohls E, Baldofski S, Epple C, Rummel-Kluge C. Acceptability, feasibility, and user satisfaction of a virtual reality relaxation intervention in a psychiatric outpatient setting during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2023;14 View
  29. Ahmed F, Berta R, Bellotti F, Lazzaroni L, Floris F, Barresi G, Carrion J. Socio-Economic Decision Making and Emotion Elicitation with a Serious Game in the Wild. Applied Sciences 2023;13(11):6432 View
  30. Freeman D, Lister R, Waite F, Galal U, Yu L, Lambe S, Beckley A, Bold E, Jenner L, Diamond R, Kirkham M, Twivy E, Causier C, Carr L, Saidel S, Day R, Beacco A, Rovira A, Ivins A, Nah R, Slater M, Clark D, Rosebrock L. Automated virtual reality cognitive therapy versus virtual reality mental relaxation therapy for the treatment of persistent persecutory delusions in patients with psychosis (THRIVE): a parallel-group, single-blind, randomised controlled trial in England with mediation analyses. The Lancet Psychiatry 2023;10(11):836 View
  31. Baysan A, Çonoğlu G, Özkütük N, Orgun F. Come and see through my eyes: A systematic review of 360-degree video technology in nursing education. Nurse Education Today 2023;128:105886 View
  32. Clemmensen L, Jørgensen G, Gundersen K, Smith L, Midtgaard J, Bouchard S, Thomsen C, Turgut L, Glenthøj L. Study protocol for virtual leisure investigating the effect of virtual reality-delivered stress reduction, entertainment and distraction on the use of coercion and need-based medication and patient satisfaction at a closed psychiatric intensive care unit - a mixed-methods pilot clinical trial. BMJ Open 2023;13(9):e070566 View
  33. Riches S, Nicholson S, Fialho C, Little J, Ahmed L, McIntosh H, Kaleva I, Sandford T, Cockburn R, Odoi C, Azevedo L, Vasile R, Payne-Gill J, Fisher H, van Driel C, Veling W, Valmaggia L, Rumball F. Integrating a virtual reality relaxation clinic within acute psychiatric services: A pilot study. Psychiatry Research 2023;329:115477 View
  34. Kaleva I, Riches S. Stepping inside the whispers and tingles: multisensory virtual reality for enhanced relaxation and wellbeing. Frontiers in Digital Health 2023;5 View
  35. Mitsea E, Drigas A, Skianis C. Virtual Reality Mindfulness for Meta-Competence Training among People with Different Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review. Psychiatry International 2023;4(4):324 View
  36. Gaertner R, Kossmann K, Benz A, Bentele U, Meier M, Denk B, Klink E, Dimitroff S, Pruessner J. Relaxing effects of virtual environments on the autonomic nervous system indicated by heart rate variability: A systematic review. Journal of Environmental Psychology 2023;88:102035 View
  37. Kim C, van Rompay T, Louwers G, Yoon J, Ludden G. From a Morning Forest to a Sunset Beach: Understanding Visual Experiences and the Roles of Personal Characteristics for Designing Relaxing Digital Nature. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2024;40(24):8535 View
  38. Ahilan A, Rejula M, Kumar S, Kumar B. Virtual Reality Sensor-Based IoT Embedded System for Stress Diagnosis. IEEE Sensors Journal 2023;23(23):29425 View
  39. Mitsea E, Drigas A, Skianis C. Digitally Assisted Mindfulness in Training Self-Regulation Skills for Sustainable Mental Health: A Systematic Review. Behavioral Sciences 2023;13(12):1008 View
  40. Ilioudi M, Wallström S, Steingrimsson S, Lindner P, Thunström A, Ali L. Patient experience of a virtual reality calm room in a psychiatric inpatient care setting in Sweden: a qualitative study with inpatients. BMJ Open 2023;13(12):e076285 View
  41. Park S, Lee J, Kim H. Virtual reality education program for women with uterine tumors treated by high-intensity focused ultrasound. Heliyon 2024;10(1):e23759 View
  42. Valls-Ontañón A, Vandepputte S, de la Fuente C, Giralt-Hernando M, Molins-Ballabriga G, Cigarrán-Mensa M, Sabbagh A, Hernández-Alfaro F. Effectiveness of virtual reality in relieving anxiety and controlling hemodynamics during oral surgery under local anesthesia: A prospective randomized comparative study. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 2024;52(3):273 View
  43. Bagger B, Sillesen A, Jeppesen E, Kledal T. Virtual Reality Technology and Digitalized Forest Bathing in Nursing Care – The Experience of Well-being and Quality of Life. Nordisk sygeplejeforskning 2024;14(1):1 View
  44. Yen H, Hsu H, Huang W. Virtual reality natural experiences for mental health: comparing the effects between different immersion levels. Virtual Reality 2024;28(1) View
  45. Lee L, Son E, Farmer N, Gerrard C, Tuason R, Yang L, Kohn-Godbout J, Stephens C, Nahm E, Smith L, Risch S, Wallen G. Nature-based virtual reality intervention to manage stress in family caregivers of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a two-phase pilot study protocol. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2024;15 View
  46. Dastan M, Ricci M, Vangi F, Fiorentino M. Enhancing Well-Being: A Comparative Study of Virtual Reality Chromotherapy Rooms with Static, Dynamic, and Empty Environments. Sensors 2024;24(6):1732 View
  47. Omisore O, Odenigbo I, Orji J, Beltran A, Orji R, Baghaei N, Sandra M. Extended Reality for Mental Health Evaluation —A Scoping Review (Preprint). JMIR Serious Games 2022 View
  48. García-González J, Martínez-Navarro A, Romero-del Rey R, Requena-Mullor M, Zheng R, Lopez-Villen A, Alarcon-Rodriguez R. State-trait anxiety levels and vital signs of pregnant women following intervention with virtual reality during the nonstress test: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders 2024;355:308 View
  49. Riches S, Kaleva I, Nicholson S, Payne-Gill J, Steer N, Azevedo L, Vasile R, Rumball F, Fisher H, Veling W, Valmaggia L. Virtual Reality Relaxation for Stress in Young Adults: A Remotely Delivered Pilot Study in Participants’ Homes. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science 2024;9(4):771 View
  50. Dhunnoo P, Wetzlmair L, O’Carroll V. Extended Reality Therapies for Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review of Patients’ and Healthcare Professionals’ Perspectives. Sci 2024;6(2):19 View
  51. Williams G, Drini E, Riches S. Virtual Reality Relaxation for Mental Health Service Users with Complex Care Needs: a Pilot Study in Residential Care Homes and Supported Accommodation. Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health 2025;12(3):353 View
  52. Bolouki A, McAnirlin O, H. E. M. Browning M, Maynard A. Optimizing Virtual Nature for Psychological and Physiological Well-Being: A Systematic Review of the Moderating Effects of Duration, Nature Type, Sample Characteristics, and Immersiveness and Potential Risks of Bias. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2025;41(1):775 View
  53. Pardini S, Kim S, de Jesus B, Lopes M, Leggett K, Falk T, Smith C, Appel L. SafeVRwards: Designing a complementary virtual reality module to the Safewards framework intended to relax and manage conflict in mental health wards. BMJ Open Quality 2024;13(2):e002769 View
  54. Lovell B, Wetherell M. Do Virtual Reality Relaxation Experiences Alleviate Stress in Parents of Children with Autism? A Pilot Study. Journal of Child and Family Studies 2024;33(7):2134 View
  55. Bell I, Pot-Kolder R, Rizzo A, Rus-Calafell M, Cardi V, Cella M, Ward T, Riches S, Reinoso M, Thompson A, Alvarez-Jimenez M, Valmaggia L. Advances in the use of virtual reality to treat mental health conditions. Nature Reviews Psychology 2024;3(8):552 View
  56. Meshkat S, Edalatkhah M, Di Luciano C, Martin J, Kaur G, Hee Lee G, Park H, Torres A, Mazalek A, Kapralos B, Dubrowski A, Bhat V. Virtual Reality and Stress Management: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2024 View
  57. Primavera D, Urban A, Cantone E, Nonnis M, Aviles Gonzalez C, Perra A, Tusconi M, Sancassiani F. The Impact on Anxiety Symptoms of an Immersive Virtual Reality Remediation Program in Bipolar Disorders: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2024;13(14):4203 View
  58. Michinov E, Dodeler V, Adam H, Michinov N. Relaxing at work: does virtual reality work? An exploratory study among employees in their workplace. Frontiers in Organizational Psychology 2024;2 View
  59. Kamińska D, Zwoliński G, Merecz-Kot D. How Virtual Reality Therapy Affects Refugees From Ukraine - Acute Stress Reduction Pilot Study. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing 2024;15(3):1475 View
  60. Antos Z, Zackiewicz K, Tomaszek N, Modzelewski S, Waszkiewicz N. Beyond Pharmacology: A Narrative Review of Alternative Therapies for Anxiety Disorders. Diseases 2024;12(9):216 View
  61. Ahn J, Kim J, Park Y, Kim R, Choi H. Virtual Reality-based Relaxation Program on Mental Health and Sleep Patterns for Undergraduate Students: A Randomized Controlled Repeated-Measures Design (Preprint). JMIR Formative Research 2024 View
  62. Shankar R, Hong W, Bundele A, Si K, Mukhopadhyay A. Virtual reality-guided mindfulness intervention to enhance psychosocial well-being in caregivers of end-stage kidney disease patients: protocol for a mixed-methods pilot randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2024;14(10):e090550 View
  63. Wang P, Ai X, Zhang X, Ma F, Zhuang Y, Wang S. Evaluating virtual reality technology in psychotherapy: impacts on anxiety, depression, and ADHD. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2024;15 View
  64. Pudlo R, Kunert Ł, Pankiewicz Z, Szczegielniak A. An attempt to identify factors influencing the effectiveness of physical exercise in virtual reality conditions in the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders – study design. Current Problems of Psychiatry 2024;25:255 View
  65. Williamson S, Aaby A, Ravn S. Psychological outcomes of extended reality interventions in spinal cord injury rehabilitation: a systematic scoping review. Spinal Cord 2025;63(2):58 View
  66. Moyer M, Lenz A, Gonzales-Wong C, Rodriguez G. A Meta-Analysis of Virtual Reality Interventions for Reducing the Symptoms of Anxiety. Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation 2025;16(2):124 View
  67. Li Y, Jiang Y. From virtual to reality: How virtual reality forest tourism influences actual forest wellness tourism behavior. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 2025;62:70 View
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  69. Desai S, Athalye‐Jape G, Bottcher S, Campbell C, Chiffings D, Nathan E, Fardinpour A, Kinnaird L, Bulsara M, Rao S. Effect of using virtual reality on fatigue and mental workload as key determinants of perceived stress in neonatal intensive care staff: A randomized controlled trial feasibility study and protocol. Nursing in Critical Care 2025;30(2) View
  70. Riches S, Williams G. Virtual reality relaxation for hospitals: A novel stress-reduction intervention for patients, families, and staff. Future Healthcare Journal 2025;12(2):100234 View
  71. Barrio P, Andreu M, Bruguera P, Mantellini C, Serra B, Mena J, Folch-Sanchez D, Miquel L, Slater M. Enhancing the Well-Being of Psychiatric Inpatients with Substance Use Disorders Through Virtual Reality-Based Nature Exposure: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2025 View
  72. Graham W, Drinkwater R, Kelson J, Kabir M. Self-guided virtual reality therapy for anxiety: A systematic review. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2025;200:105902 View
  73. M S, N V. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Generated Health Counseling For Mental Illness Patients. Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews 2025;21(3):269 View
  74. Sutori S, Eliasson E, Mura F, Ortiz V, Catrambonephd V, Hadlaczky G, Todorov I, Alfeo A, Cardi V, Cimino M, Mioni G, Raya M, Valenza G, Carli V, Gentili C. Acceptability, Usability, and Insights Into Cybersickness Levels of a Novel Virtual Reality Environment for the Evaluation of Depressive Symptoms: Exploratory Observational Study. JMIR Formative Research 2025;9:e68132 View
  75. Kwon D, Im W, Kim Y, Yoo J, Jeon H, Choi H, Kim H. Pilot Trial: Impact of a Virtual Reality Stress Reduction Program on Healthcare and Information Technology Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychiatry Investigation 2025;22(4):451 View
  76. Latorre P, Ferreira C, Nieto-Escamez F. A Crossover Study of Virtual Reality Exposure for Emotional and Physiological Regulation in Mild Dementia. Brain Sciences 2025;15(5):470 View
  77. Wei Y, Tian H, Ma C, Song L. Impact of virtual reality-based rehabilitation on poststroke depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. General Hospital Psychiatry 2025;95:114 View
  78. Ascone L, Mostajeran F, Mascherek A, Tawil N, Knaust T, Samaan L, Kühn S. Multi- vs. unimodal forest-bathing in VR to enhance affective and cognitive recovery after acute stress. Journal of Environmental Psychology 2025;105:102637 View
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  80. Pancini E, Fumagalli A, Maggiolini S, Misuraca C, Negri D, Bernardelli L, Villani D. Integrating Immersive Virtual Reality With Savoring to Promote the Well-Being of Patients With Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2025;27:e67395 View
  81. Park S, Kim H. Development and Effect of Prenatal Education Programs Using Virtual Reality for Pregnant Women Hospitalized With Preterm Labor: Experimental Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2025;27:e75585 View
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Books/Policy Documents

  1. Broneder E, Wagner F, Weiß C, Fritz J, Sili M, Arendse M. HCI International 2021 - Posters. View
  2. Mancini A, Fabbo A. Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. View
  3. Ritchey J, Dehaghani Y, Roth T. Information Systems and Neuroscience. View
  4. Patel D, Dey A. Digital Health. View
  5. Waterworth J. The Displaced Self. View

Conference Proceedings

  1. Kamińska D, Zwoliński G, Merecz-Kot D. Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Virtual Reality as an Automated Stress-Reduction Therapy Tool - Case Study on War Refugees View
  2. Yilma B, Kim C, Cupchik G, Leiva L. Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Artful Path to Healing: Using Machine Learning for Visual Art Recommendation to Prevent and Reduce Post-Intensive Care Syndrome (PICS) View
  3. Kim C, Van Rompay T, Ludden G. Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Outside In: Creating Digital Nature Tailored To The Needs of Intensive Care Unit Patients View
  4. Kumar A, Sankhyan S, Tripathi K, Rao A, Bhavsar A, Dutt V. 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct). VRZM: Exploring the Psycho-physiological Benefits of Zen Meditation in Immersive Environments View
  5. Du J. 2024 10th International Conference on Virtual Reality (ICVR). Enhancing Immersive Relaxation: Exploring the Fusion of ASMR Animation and Virtual Reality View
  6. Chew C, Yasin M, Johari S, Zain N, Aminuddin R, Fesol S, Dzulkalnine M. 2024 IEEE 22nd Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD). Virtual Reality for Stress Reduction: Usability Insights into Exposure Environments and Relaxation Therapy View