Delivery Model Matters for Digital Interventions in Pain Self-Management: Mixed Methods Study

Lise Solberg Nes   ^{1, 2, 3} , PhD ;   Elin Børøsund   ^{1, 4} , PhD ;   Elise Flakk Nordang   ¹ , MSc ;   Rikke Aune Asbjørnsen   ^{1, 5, 6} , PhD ;   Hilde Eide   ^{1, 7} , PhD ;   Cecilie Varsi   ^{1, 8} , PhD ;   Lori B Waxenberg   ⁹ , PhD ;   Karen E Weiss   ³ , PhD ;   Eleshia J Morrison   ³ , PhD ;   Hanne Stavenes Støle   ^{1, 10} , MSc ;   Christine Marie Rygg Hoksnes   ¹ , MSc ;   Ólöf B Kristjansdottir   ^{1, 11} , PhD ;   Milada Hagen   ¹² , PhD ;   Audun Stubhaug   ^{2, 13, 14} , PhD ;   Karlein MG Schreurs   ⁶ , PhD

¹ Department of Digital Health Research, Division of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

² Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

³ Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States

⁴ Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Drammen, Norway

⁵ Department of Research and Innovation, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway

⁶ Department of Psychology, Health and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

⁷ Centre for Health and Technology, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Drammen, Norway

⁸ Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Drammen, Norway

⁹ Department of Clinical & Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States

¹⁰ Department of Child Health and Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway

¹¹ Mental Health Team West, Primary Care of the Capital Area, Reykjavik, Iceland

¹² Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway

¹³ Department of Pain Management and Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

¹⁴ Regional Advisory Unit on Pain, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway