Sociodemographic and Socioeconomic Determinants for the Usage of Digital Patient Portals in Hospitals: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Digital Divide

Nina Goldberg   ¹ , MSc ;   Christin Herrmann   ¹ , MSc ;   Paola Di Gion   ^{2, 3} , MA, MD ;   Volker Hautsch   ² ;   Klara Hefter   ² ;   Georg Langebartels   ² , MD ;   Holger Pfaff   ^{4, 5} , Prof Dr ;   Lena Ansmann   ⁶ , Prof Dr ;   Ute Karbach   ¹ , PD, Dr rer pol ;   Florian Wurster   ¹ , MSc

¹ Chair of Health Services Research in Rehabilitation, Faculty of Human Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sociology, Health Services Research and Rehabilitation Science, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

² Department of Digital Clinical Systems, Clinical Affairs and Crisis Management Unit, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

³ Clinical Ethics Committee, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

⁴ Center for Health Services Research (ZVFK), Faculty of Medicine and Cologne University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

⁵ Institute of Medical Sociology, Health Services Research and Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

⁶ Chair of Medical Sociology, Faculty of Human Sciences & Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Medical Sociology, Health Services Research and Rehabilitation Science, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany