Carbohydrate Estimation by a Mobile Phone-Based System Versus Self-Estimations of Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Comparative Study

Daniel Rhyner   ^{1, 2 *} , MD ;   Hannah Loher   ^{2 *} , MD ;   Joachim Dehais   ¹ , MSc ;   Marios Anthimopoulos   ^{1, 3} , PhD ;   Sergey Shevchik   ¹ , PhD ;   Ransford Henry Botwey   ¹ , MSc ;   David Duke   ⁴ , PhD ;   Christoph Stettler   ² , MD ;   Peter Diem   ² , MD ;   Stavroula Mougiakakou   ^{1, 2} , PhD

¹ ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

² Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Bern University Hospital – Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland

³ Department of Emergency Medicine, Bern University Hospital – Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland

⁴ Roche Diabetes Care, Inc, Indianapolis, IN, United States

*these authors contributed equally