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Infodemic Versus Viral Information Spread: Key Differences and Open Challenges

Infodemic Versus Viral Information Spread: Key Differences and Open Challenges

While acknowledging this complexity, in this paper, we focus on one specific dimension of the infodemic phenomenon: the quantification of information production. By narrowing our analysis to this aspect, we aim to clarify how excess information during an infodemic differs from a general viral information spread.

Matteo Cinelli, Francesco Gesualdo

JMIR Infodemiology 2025;5:e57455

Use of Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Model for COVID-19 Fact-Checking: Development and Usability Study

Use of Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Model for COVID-19 Fact-Checking: Development and Usability Study

The COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by an “infodemic,” characterized by the rapid spread of misinformation and disinformation, significantly undermining public health efforts [1]. Misinformation refers to the unintentional spread of incorrect or misleading information [2], while disinformation involves deliberately disseminating false information to deceive [3].

Hai Li, Jingyi Huang, Mengmeng Ji, Yuyi Yang, Ruopeng An

J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e66098

Experiences of Public Health Professionals Regarding Crisis Communication During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies

Experiences of Public Health Professionals Regarding Crisis Communication During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies

During the COVID-19 pandemic, public health organizations worldwide experienced difficulties with the “infodemic” of misinformation on social media [17]. Before the pandemic, researchers had recognized the importance of management of misinformation and studied countermeasures [18-21]. However, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the inexperience of public health agencies in dealing with the influence of misinformation during an emergency [22,23].

Tsuyoshi Okuhara, Marina Terada, Hiroko Okada, Rie Yokota, Takahiro Kiuchi

JMIR Infodemiology 2025;5:e66524

Transformer-Based Tool for Automated Fact-Checking of Online Health Information: Development Study

Transformer-Based Tool for Automated Fact-Checking of Online Health Information: Development Study

The importance of trustworthy online health information became particularly clear during the COVID-19 pandemic, which triggered a new crisis known as the COVID-19 infodemic. An infodemic refers to the excessive spread of false or misleading information across both digital and physical spaces [9] causing confusion and detrimental outcomes, as it underscores the potential risks posed by inaccurate or deceptive information to individuals [3,10].

Azadeh Bayani, Alexandre Ayotte, Jean Noel Nikiema

JMIR Infodemiology 2025;5:e56831

Association Between X/Twitter and Prescribing Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Retrospective Ecological Study

Association Between X/Twitter and Prescribing Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Retrospective Ecological Study

To combat this infodemic, the World Health Organization established a repository of COVID-19 fact-checking groups that verify COVID-19 claims [14]. We hypothesized that the circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic (ie, lack of evidence-based medicine, overly stressed health care system, and health care providers) may have magnified the potential for social media to have influenced the care of patients affected by COVID-19.

Scott A Helgeson, Rohan M Mudgalkar, Keith A Jacobs, Augustine S Lee, Devang Sanghavi, Pablo Moreno Franco, Ian S Brooks, National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C)

JMIR Infodemiology 2024;4:e56675

Infodemics and Vaccine Confidence: Protocol for Social Listening and Insight Generation to Inform Action

Infodemics and Vaccine Confidence: Protocol for Social Listening and Insight Generation to Inform Action

Responding to the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic has been made even more challenging by an extraordinary infodemic, defined as an overabundance of information, including credible and false or misleading information, during a disease outbreak [1].

Jessica Kolis, Kathryn Brookmeyer, Yulia Chuvileva, Christopher Voegeli, Sarina Juma, Atsuyoshi Ishizumi, Katy Renfro, Elisabeth Wilhelm, Hannah Tice, Hannah Fogarty, Irma Kocer, Jordan Helms, Anisha Verma

JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024;10:e51909

The Dual Nature of AI in Information Dissemination: Ethical Considerations

The Dual Nature of AI in Information Dissemination: Ethical Considerations

In the contemporary digital landscape, we find ourselves in an “infodemic,” a phenomenon characterized by the rapid proliferation of information, both accurate and misleading, facilitated by rapid communication through social media and online platforms [1]. The term “infodemic” originated during the SARS outbreak [2] and gained prominence during the COVID-19 pandemic. It has been used in the context of public health emergencies and in relation to health information, but it extends beyond that.

Federico Germani, Giovanni Spitale, Nikola Biller-Andorno

JMIR AI 2024;3:e53505

Exploring Public Emotions on Obesity During the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Sentiment Analysis and Topic Modeling: Cross-Sectional Study

Exploring Public Emotions on Obesity During the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Sentiment Analysis and Topic Modeling: Cross-Sectional Study

The infodemic accompanying the pandemic exemplifies how misleading health information on social media platforms can contribute to fear, unfounded concerns, and poor health behaviors among the general population [9,12]. In addition to providing a platform for the dissemination of potentially harmful misinformation, social media can also perpetuate stereotypes and biases against individuals with obesity, further exacerbating the negative impacts of this condition [7].

Jorge César Correia, Sarmad Shaharyar Ahmad, Ahmed Waqas, Hafsa Meraj, Zoltan Pataky

J Med Internet Res 2024;26:e52142

Characteristics, Influence, Prevention, and Control Measures of the Mpox Infodemic: Scoping Review of Infodemiology Studies

Characteristics, Influence, Prevention, and Control Measures of the Mpox Infodemic: Scoping Review of Infodemiology Studies

With the quantity and speed of information rapidly growing, it is challenging for the public to distinguish the true health information and misinformation, which leads to the emergence of an infodemic [15,16]. The lessons we learned from the COVID-19 pandemic revealed the importance of infodemic prevention and control [17].

XiangYu Yan, Zhuo Li, Chunxia Cao, Longxin Huang, Yongjie Li, Xiangbin Meng, Bo Zhang, Maohe Yu, Tian Huang, Jiancheng Chen, Wei Li, Linhui Hao, Dongsheng Huang, Bin Yi, Ming Zhang, Shun Zha, Haijun Yang, Jian Yao, Pengjiang Qian, Chun Kai Leung, Haojun Fan, Pei Jiang, Tiejun Shui

J Med Internet Res 2024;26:e54874

Ethical Considerations in Infodemic Management: Systematic Scoping Review

Ethical Considerations in Infodemic Management: Systematic Scoping Review

Recognizing the global urgency of integrating ethics into infodemic management and social listening practices, the WHO established the expert group (EG) on ethical considerations in infodemic management and social listening in 2023 [29].

Federico Germani, Giovanni Spitale, Sandra Varaidzo Machiri, Calvin Wai Loon Ho, Isabella Ballalai, Nikola Biller-Andorno, Andreas Alois Reis

JMIR Infodemiology 2024;4:e56307