To examine BRCA previvors’ experiences creating social media content for themselves and for their larger community, we used a qualitative interview approach. We prioritized recruiting individuals living in the United States who have been found to carry a BRCA1 or BRCA2 genetic mutation, resulting in an increased risk for developing breast or ovarian cancer, and publicly shared about their medical experiences on social media, specifically Instagram (Meta). First, the primary investigator conducted a purposive sample by searching for BRCA previvors active on Instagram through hashtags including “#brca,” “#brca1,” “#previvor,” “#brcagene,” and “#breastcancerprevivor.” Once the accounts were populated, the investigator reached out to potential participants who listed their email addresses publicly on their Instagram accounts. We acknowledge that the algorithm on social media platforms like Instagram may have played a role in our sample procedure; however, we were interested in interviewing individuals who acted as influencers, opinion leaders, and public figures in BRCA online communities and, therefore, recognized that the most popular accounts may be the most accessible by using this purposive sampling method. Upon finding these individual accounts with publicly listed email addresses, the primary researcher sent an email detailing the study objectives and requesting potential participants to respond if interested. Of the total study participants (N=16), 15 identified as women and 1 identified as nonbinary. The nonbinary participant noted that they are often perceived as female and check “woman” as the gender on their medical paperwork for insurance purposes. All participants were White presenting; however, 2 identified as Hispanic and 2 identified as Ashkenazi Jewish. The latter group noted their ethnicity as important to their BRCA status, as 1 in 40 Ashkenazi Jewish women have a BRCA genetic mutation [20]. Participants were all over the age of 18 years at the time of the interview, and all confirmed that they are actively posting about their BRCA experiences publicly on one or more social media platforms.

Participants who met all eligibility criteria were then scheduled for a virtual, semistructured interview over Zoom (Zoom Video Communications). Consent forms were signed before the interview was scheduled, and verbal consent was confirmed once again before the interview began. All interviews were conducted by the primary investigator, and each participant was provided the opportunity to turn their camera off before the interview began to further protect their identity. The interviews included questions related to the participants’ experiences with BRCA, their desire to create content on their personal social media accounts, their interactions with the BRCA community, their understanding of their previvor identity, and their relationship with health care providers. Each interview lasted between 45 and 60 minutes. The interviews were audio recorded for accuracy, and upon completion of the discussion, each interview audio file was labeled with a participant number. After all personal identifying information was removed from the files and the audio recordings, they were transcribed by a professional transcription service.

Reflexive thematic analysis [21,22] was applied by the principal investigator and supported by a graduate research assistant. This analysis method has been applied in recent studies of women with BRCA genetic mutations and how they share social media content, build community, and understand their identity as BRCA previvors [7,10,11]. First, the principal investigator and graduate research assistant split up the 16 transcripts and manually coded 8 each. They then met and discussed overlapping patterns in the data related to why BRCA previvors post on social media about their previvor experiences and the role content creation plays in the act of community building and caring for oneself through various BRCA experiences. After the first meeting, the principal investigator and graduate research assistant switched transcripts and coded the other set of 8 transcripts. They then met a second time to finalize the themes present that related to the initial research questions. The team elected to follow this 2-stage coding process recommended by previous researchers to maintain the rigor of the method. All direct quotes provided in the results section below are anonymized and referred to by participant number.

As this study involved human participants, the University of Utah’s institutional review board approved the study protocol (IRB_00144720) before we began. An informed consent document was sent to each participant for review before they elected to participate. The document described the nature of the study, the types of questions asked, the protocol researchers followed to protect participant anonymity, and information regarding their rights as research participants including the opportunity to decline to answer any question and stop the interview at any time. The primary researcher kept a password-protected document on an external hard drive, which included the demographic information of each participant, including their name and participant number, to protect their identity but provided a reference sheet for use when needed. All personal identifying information was removed from the files and the audio recordings. The participants who completed the interview process were compensated in the form of a US $50 gift card.

The BRCA previvors we interviewed said they create content on their personal social media accounts rather than in digital communities, such as Facebook groups, because they like to be able to control the narrative around their own personal journey and fill a gap in society’s understanding of what it means to be someone living with a BRCA genetic mutation. BRCA previvors desire connection beyond existing previvor and survivor communities, and many noted they create content because they want to share every step in their journey with others, regardless of whether those watching have BRCA genetic mutations or not. One previvor explained that in her opinion, nothing is off limits when you share about BRCA on your own personal page.

Similarly, many of the previvors interviewed have shared in-depth videos and photos of surgery scars, drain removals, breast reconstruction, nipple tattoos, and more.

Sharing whatever they choose, whenever they choose results in previvors feeling a deeper sense of autonomy over their lives and control over when and how they talk about BRCA genetic mutations. They do not want to talk strictly about the clinical aspects of their genetic mutation; they want to talk about sex, desire, hormones, body image, and how testing positive for BRCA genetic mutations impacts their identity as a wife, daughter, sister, mother, and friend. One previvor explained that she wanted other women with BRCA genetic mutations who follow her to understand that they may change, both inside and out, but they can still be the same woman they were before being diagnosed and they do not have to allow their BRCA genetic mutation to take away who they once were.

When discussing BRCA genetic mutations from the clinical perspective, previvors say they sometimes feel like their condition is overgeneralized, which results in feelings of homogeneity, especially in the eyes of their health care providers. In previous studies, previvors noted some providers make assumptions about the care they desire and do not always leave space for individuals to request a treatment plan that works best for them [7]. One previvor shared her experience defending her decision to forego reconstructive surgery in favor of a flat chest, something she did not know was possible from only speaking to her providers. She found other options through social media and now posts on her Instagram account to help others.

Showing a personalized perspective of the previvor experience on social media, previvors say, offers others a chance to see what daily living with BRCA genetic mutations is like, especially for those diagnosed at a young age. Previvors interviewed noted that many young patients with BRCA genetic mutations have different goals regarding their lifestyle, and Facebook groups and online chat rooms do not reflect those previvors and their understanding of BRCA genetic mutations. One previvor noted:

Younger previvors have turned to Instagram and TikTok (ByteDance) to find others with BRCA genetic mutations who have similar experiences and opinions regarding living with a genetic mutation and seeking possible treatments. For example, many younger previvors do not want to take the surgical route immediately after being diagnosed, as they are concerned about infertility, losing the opportunity to breastfeed a future child, and how their future may be dictated by decisions they are making from a young age. One previvor shared that she began posting because she felt like nobody was discussing BRCA genetic mutations from the perspective of a younger woman, especially a woman who wanted to have kids one day.

For this previvor, posting on her social media accounts specifically on what young previvors need to be thinking about is important because she may be able to help another young patient with BRCA genetic mutations make a decision that was not offered by their health care provider.

For BRCA previvors, creating content on their own social media accounts focused on their experiences helps them build a sense of autonomy over having a BRCA genetic mutation while taking care of themselves and offering support to others with a genetic mutation. This act of self-care and care for the community was a common explanation for why our interviewees started posting on their personal social media accounts. As one previvor said:

Many previvors said their understanding of themselves as a woman shifted once they were diagnosed, and they believe this shift is common among patients with BRCA genetic mutations. BRCA previvors expressed feeling afraid when initially diagnosed and unsure of what the future would hold for them as women, mothers, wives, daughters, and friends. Posting on social media allowed them to discuss their understanding of womanhood after diagnosis, which became an act of self-care and a way to give back to others in their community. Later in the interview, the same previvor shared how she felt upon being diagnosed and how her social media content creation helped her feel more like herself.

Posting on social media provided an outlet for previvors while they learned to love their new bodies, minds, and spirits after diagnosis. In the interviews, some participants said they felt like their BRCA genetic mutation initially stole their voice and that they no longer had a say over their own lives. However, sharing on social media gave them the opportunity to speak about whatever they were going through whenever they felt like they needed to. For one previvor, the posting was a form of therapy.

The therapeutic nature of posting on individual social media accounts was more helpful for these creators than sharing in chat rooms or Facebook groups, many said. Previvors felt like some chat rooms and online groups have become spaces where toxic positivity runs rampant but, at the same time, can be a place where previvors are judged by others regarding their care and treatment decisions. In the interviews, some previvors described the breast cancer survivor community, and more recently, the previvor community, as a space where media and large organizations “pink-wash” the disease and, thus, take away from the authentic lived experiences of breast cancer survivors and previvors [23]. These actions, while they can result in financial gain for some, do not provide the kind of support many previvors say they are looking for. Another previvor explained that the lack of authentic experiences publicized through media outlets and large organizations does a disservice to all people.

Others agreed, saying:

Ultimately, previvors agreed that sharing on their personal social media accounts is a form of community care and a way to continue building a supportive community. As one previvor noted:

Previvors on social media want others to know they are not alone and that there are spaces where they can be exactly who they are without judgment, even if they must create it themselves. As one previvor summarized:

Studies describing the content creation of BRCA previvors are a relatively understudied area of health communication and medical internet research. The previvors we interviewed noted that they post on their personal social media accounts rather than online spaces created specifically for group communication like chat rooms and Facebook groups because it allows them to control the narrative around their BRCA experience. This finding provides greater nuance to research that claims when patients interact online with others, they feel a sense of social support [7,11]. In addition, this finding provides a greater understanding of those individuals who not only seek health information online [16,17] but also create it themselves.

For previvors, controlling the narrative allowed them to speak on the topics they deemed most important and gave them the power to remove or block those who judged or critiqued their choices. This gave our participants a greater sense of power over their situation and reduced their fears around the possibility of pushback from other previvors. Some said they received negative responses from others with BRCA genetic mutations in spaces like Facebook groups but did not receive that feedback on their own social media accounts. BRCA previvors also believed that posting on their personal social media accounts served a greater purpose beyond themselves. They envisioned their content to serve the larger BRCA community in their quest to take care of each other, provide guidance regarding treatment plans and surgery options, and increase the visibility of BRCA genetic mutations itself. This finding extends previous studies that posit the discourse within online spaces has the potential to extend offline and impact the care patients receive [7,11,13,16,17].

While our study participants did not bring up any potential risks or negative consequences to sharing their personal health stories online, it is important to consider privacy concerns when one shares personal health information on social media platforms [24,25]. In addition, there is potential for misinformation to spread in these online health spaces, especially as patients continue to share their experiences on individual accounts that are more difficult to monitor [26,27]. While our participants did not mention misinformation as being common within BRCA spaces, as the communities grow, the issue will be important for researchers to consider when evaluating the benefits and risks of these individual storytelling spaces.

This study was strengthened by the in-depth interviews given by each participant, but the study was limited by the number of interviews conducted and the interview process itself. Due to COVID-19 limitations, all interviews were conducted through videoconference, often reducing the opportunity for the interviewer to analyze participants’ body language. In addition, the reliance on virtual interviews means that while we were able to communicate with previvors across the country, each participant’s experiences with their local health care system may differ [28]. In addition, this study relied on the most popular BRCA social media accounts to recruit participants. On platforms like TikTok and Instagram, the algorithm may dictate whose content is promoted and whose is not, which results in a skewed sample, but this does not necessarily mean these stories are less worthy of being told. However, the algorithmic bias present on social media platforms can often result in a list of potential participants who are neither racially nor ethnically diverse. Our study skewed primarily toward White women, which mirrors results found in other recent studies of BRCA previvors on social media [7,11]. We recognize the lack of scholarship exploring racial and ethnic minority patients who have been diagnosed with the BRCA genetic mutation, especially analysis of their online presence and their desire to create digital spaces for the needs of their specific community, and we urge scholars to continue prioritizing these individuals.

Future research should also consider the practice of moderating and censoring of medical conditions based on platform policies, as some of our participants noted their concerns around content being removed or accounts being closed altogether because platforms may deem their content regarding reconstruction and recovery as sexual in nature. Social media platforms are evolving, and the results of their impact on health behaviors and outcomes remain mixed. Therefore, we believe researchers should continue to examine the therapeutic and supportive role of personal social media content across acute and chronic health conditions [29]. In addition, social media literacy continues to be key in improving health decisions, and research suggests platforms themselves can help in this process [30], especially as more patients share about their health conditions on their personal accounts. As more BRCA previvors take to social media platforms to share their stories and experiences with genetic testing, treatment, patient-provider interactions, and more, researchers should consider conducting studies that rely on quantitative, qualitative, and critical rhetorical methodologies to provide a larger body of work in this specific subfield.