The total number of generated keywords from “pain” was 930 in the United States and was 2400 in Japan. In Japan, the search term was “itami,” a word that contains a Chinese character and Hiragana. In all generated queries, the average search volume ranged from 90 to 301,000 per month in the United States and from 140 to 135,000 per month in Japan. The search volume of the top 20 musculoskeletal pain–related queries ranged from 60,500 to 301,000 per month in the United States and from 22,200 to 135,000 per month in Japan. The population ratio was 0.85-4.99 per month per 100 people in the United States and was 0.88-4.94 per month per 100 people in Japan. No significant difference was found between the number of searches per population for the two countries (Mann-Whitney U test P=.67). Regarding the association websites that appeared within the top 100, the average rank was 16.47 (1st to 35th, mean 17th) in the United States and was 24.47 (2nd to 95th, mean 7th) in Japan. Within the top 20 queries, the association websites ranked within the top 10 for 30% (6/20) of queries in the United States and for 45% (9/20) of queries in Japan. No significant difference was found between the number of ranked websites within the top 10 (Mann-Whitney U test P=.28). The total search volume of the top 20 queries was 0.75 per 100 people in the United States and was 0.73 per 100 people in Japan (Table 1 and Table 2). As shown in Figure 1, the total search volume increased year after year. In the top 20 queries, the most common search queries in the United States and Japan were “sciatica,” “lower back pain,” “back pain,” “knee pain,” and “leg cramps” (Figure 2). Seasonal variation in the number of searches was found for “leg cramps,” which was significantly higher in the summer in both the United States and Japan. No significant difference was found between search volume and the number of total hit websites for the top 20 queries (Figure 3).

This study is the first to examine how frequently the patient information pages of orthopedic associations appear when search terms related to musculoskeletal pain are entered. Based on the results of this study, we believe that there is a need for orthopedic associations to do more to provide medical information on the internet by optimizing their position in the search results for frequently searched symptom and disease-related terms.

The click-through rate for the first position in Google was 21.12%, followed by 10.65% and 7.57%. If the search result ranked 11th, the click-through rate became only 1.46% [15]. In a German study, when 289 patients searched for medical information on the internet, only 5 clicked a link on the second or subsequent search result pages [16].

In the early 2000s, over 60% of people in the United States and Australia reported that they had used the internet to search for medical information and were satisfied with the resulting health information and services [17-19]. More recently, 96% of people in Australia reported searching for medical information online; of those, 63% searched using smartphones [20]. Over time, it has become increasingly common for individuals to use online search engines when they need medical or health information.

According to many reports, inaccurate websites often appear among the top 10 results and provide erroneous information [21,22]. In the United Kingdom, Wikipedia sometimes appears more often in the search results than the National Health Service’s website [23]. If members of the general public encounter websites containing incorrect information, it is difficult for them to assess its accuracy. In a US study, high school students with a science-focused education had difficulty distinguishing between reliable and unreliable medical sites, even though most of the information produced in the searches was inaccurate [24]. To solve health problems, government organizations need to work together to provide more accurate medical information on the web [9].

The algorithm used for Google searches is confidential; thus, many websites try to increase the quantity and quality of their traffic using organic search engine results. This practice is termed search engine optimization (SEO). At present, if items do not appear among search engine results, they are practically nonexistent.

In this study, we surveyed the search rankings of the patient information pages of two orthopedic associations and found that these pages are not likely to be viewed by patients seeking medical information with frequently searched queries. There was no significant difference in the number of searches per 100 people between the United States and Japan in the top 20 pages retrieved for musculoskeletal-related pain. Symptoms and illnesses are searched differently between the United States and Japan. The common query “leg cramps” was searched much more often in Japan per 100 people and was searched more often in the summer in both the United States and Japan (Figure 2). The predominance in summer suggests a link to climate. Indeed, in the United Kingdom and Australia, the volume of searches related to leg cramps increased in summer [25]. Another study found that searches related to ankle swelling also increased in midsummer [26]. Heartburn-related searches increased during winter, as did heart failure hospitalizations [10,27]. These studies indicate that an increase in the search volume for a particular condition reflects an actual increase in the number of patients affected with that condition. Thus, when the search volume increases, it may be effective for medical associations to provide medical information to patients who need accurate information using social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter. The act of conducting medical interventions via social media (ie, social media intervention) is reported to be an effective tool for enhancing public health [28]. In the future, it will be important to increase interventions in addition to disseminating medical information via social networking sites. The AAOS has a Twitter account, whereas the JOA currently does not (as of June 2020).

On December 6, 2017, Google made an official announcement about improving the quality of search results for medical and health matters [29]. After this statement was made, information from health professionals, specialists, and medical institutions should have become more readily available, and information sources such as blogs and websites dealing with folk medicine should have been excluded from searches. However, the websites of the two associations we focused on rarely appeared among the top 10 results, indicating that no dramatic change has in fact taken place. In that announcement, Google stated that health experts should make their websites appropriate for general users by avoiding the use of technical terms. Fortunately, personal blogs and unofficial websites that may have posted incorrect medical information tended not to appear in the search results owing to Google’s corporate efforts.

The findings of our study suggest that better SEO is required to boost the ranking of medical associations’ websites. If their websites were to achieve the highest ranking, ordinary patients could more readily obtain appropriate medical information. Of course, it is also necessary to include accurate medical information on the associations’ patient information pages. An SEO strategy comprises two categories: on-page and off-page SEO. Details about this may be found in the Google Search Engine Optimization Starter Guide [30] and the Google Webmaster Guidelines [31]. Unfortunately, development of an SEO takes time. Daily updates and accurate articles need to be posted online to raise the rankings of the medical associations. In the future, a dual approach may be necessary, involving passive information transmission through companies such as Google, and active information transmission using social networking services such as Twitter and Facebook.