This article results from a diploma thesis in media sciences written at the Institut für Journalistik und Kommunikationsforschung, Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hannover, Germany.

In the last years, the number of Internet users has exploded. As the Internet becomes a greater factor in both the fields of media and of economy, new users get access, new research and consulting requirements and new markets arise, and all this in a breath-taking speed.

In the same way the number of Internet users has exploded, the costs in the public health sector have also increased during this time in Germany. This resulted in cost saving efforts by those responsible people in politics and administration. These economy measures have impacted in particular the established physicians. The German practice owners are faced with an unknown economic situation: competitive conditions resulting from empty cash-boxes and a competition for patients and budgets force the physicians to think and act like businessmen. Doubts arise concerning the age-old tradition of the advertising prohibition. Now advertising is recognized as an important necessity. In Germany, physicians advertising on the WWW has only recently become possible [1,2] and is still being discussed and debated by lawyers and judges as well as by the members of the medical organizations defending the age-old professional ethics prohibiting advertising [3,4,5].

Various reasons can be listed for these changes: First, there are juridical questions: the advertising prohibition breaks some rules of the German constitution [6,7,8,9,10,11,12] and the European convention on human rights [13]. Second, the increasing Europeanizing and globalization of economies and markets demands an adaptation of German rules to those of other countries in order to equalize competitive conditions among physicians [4]. Finally, the advertising prohibition obstructs competition between physicians in Germany, too, a fact which collides with the concept of a market economy [14,15].

This study also investigated the relationship of physicians to the information technology, their knowledge, use of computers and especially of the Internet. Prior research from other institutions showed that the use of computers and of the Internet among established physicians depends on the age of the physician. Compared to the "general" German Internet user (most of them are between 20 and 29 years old) [16,17], medical users are older with a median age of 45 years [18,19,20]. Another important consideration is the medical specialty of the physicians using the Internet: It has been shown that physicians from different specialties show a different affinity for the use of computers. This can be concluded from the number of practices delivering their quarterly cost overview electronically. Orthopedists, urologists, general practitioners, oto-laryngologists and gynecologists were highest, whereas radiologists, neurologists, psychotherapeutists, anaesthesists, and pathologists do not use computers for this purpose very often [21]. Male physicians use the Internet much more often than female doctors.

Additionally German physicians from large and partnership practices tend to be more frequent medical online users [19,22].

A number of hypotheses were been concluded from the theoretical background information:

Between October 31^st, 1998 and February 17^th, 1999, a WWW survey was conducted. German, Austrian and Swiss established physicians were asked to participate by email, by several user net postings (in medical newsgroups and in a newsgroup announcing German web surveys) as well as with publications in German popular medical media and by hyperlinks from other medical websites. Dentists or physicians working in hospitals were not included in the survey.

The original questionnaire (in German language) can be visited at the http://unics.rrzn.uni-hannover.de/schuh/frabo01.html. It was developed using Netscape Communicator 4.06 and an evaluation version of Perseus Survey Solutions for the Web. The questionnaire was edited in simple HTML without any java applets or special scripts in order to enable a maximum of the addressed users to view it with their browsers.

The questionnaire consists of the following thematic groups of questions:

In addition to the questionnaire itself, there was an introduction page saying hello to the user and introducing the study very briefly. (http://unics.rrzn.uni-hannover.de/schuh/index-alt.html) This introduction page indicated hyperlinks to a support page for those who had never filled out a WWW questionnaire before (http://unics.rrzn.uni-hannover.de/schuh/hilfe4.html) as well as to a "more information" page informing the interested reader about framework, goals and hypotheses of the study (http://unics.rrzn.uni-hannover.de/schuh/claudia.html). All pages contain a mail-to link that enabled the user to send an email to the author. After filling out the questionnaire and sending it to the author, a "thank you" page appears.

In order to guarantee anonymity to the respondents, the completed questionnaires were sent back to the author via a U.S. remailer provided by Perseus to all users of their software.

194 physicians participated, and 159 valid questionnaires were included in the analysis and furnished the following results, represented by the corresponding tables:

To a large extent, the age (Table 2) and the sex (Table 1) distribution in the examined group corresponded to the expectations from the general information on medical Internet users.

The distribution of the specialties in the examined group (Table 3) did not surprise us after the figures presented in the theoretical section of this paper.

The high percentage of physicians engaged in professional organizations (Table 14) was remarkable in the examined group.

More than 20 percent of the respondents held a position in a professional organization. The median time in practice of a little more than ten years (Table 6) with a substantially smaller modus of five years permits the assumption that the number of physicians who present their practice on the WWW will further grow in the future.

Due to the economic conditions for the operation of a medical practice, as expected especially young practices count on this new method of advertising. This can also be concluded from the fact that many of the websites of the respondents had only been online for less than one year (Table 12).

However, winning new patients is a less important motive for running a website than retaining existing patients by offering a new or better service to them.

The hypotheses could only partly be confirmed by the results of the survey:

Physicians of different specialties deal with their own website differently. The specialty of a physician could be considered an indicator to how and how intensively he uses the advertising method of a website. It can be assumed that apart from the IT- and Internet open-mindedness, there are other decisive factors that were not examined in this study.

The Internet familiarity of the physicians (Table 10) is responsible for the importance they attach to advertisement on the web and particularly to the own website.

This hypothesis could be confirmed and suggests at the same time that the WWW will gain in importance as an advertising medium for established physicians. More than a third of the respondents had used the Internet for less than two years (Table 9); with the explosive growth of the Internet the number of new physician users will increase and with the growth, develop new websites.

Surprisingly, the attitude towards the advertising prohibition results apparently less from economic considerations than from age-conditioned opinions. The key factor is the age of the physician, not the age of the practice, although naturally young physicians tend to be associated with younger practices. Not surprisingly, the tendency to try winning new patients by means of advertisement and a pronounced economic consciousness are stronger among owners of younger practices.

The size of a medical practice (Table 5) did not influence the attitude of the physicians towards their own website. However, the type of practice in which a physician works played a crucial role in this context (Table 4).