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The Internet is one of the fastest growing information sources for pregnant women and seems to be used across social and economic strata. However, we still lack knowledge on how interaction in Web-based discussion forums influence maternal health literacy, in terms of how pregnant women access, appraise, and apply information to promote and maintain good health.
The aim of this study was to understand how Web-based discussion forums influence maternal health literacy; hence, we explored the role of interactions in Web-based discussion forums among women who experienced health problems during pregnancy. More specifically, we explored why media-literate women experiencing the medically unexplained condition, pelvic girdle pain (PGP), during pregnancy participated in Web-based discussion forums and how they appraised and applied the information and advice that they gained from the Web-based interaction with other women.
Women were invited to participate in the study via postings on 3 different open websites for pregnant women and mothers. The sample included 11 Norwegian women who participated in open Web-based discussion forums when experiencing PGP in pregnancy. The data were collected using synchronous qualitative email interviews and were analyzed using thematic analysis.
In our study sample, interaction in Web-based discussion forums influenced maternal health literacy in terms of increased health-related knowledge and competencies, increased awareness of health promotion and health protection, and increased system navigation. The women appraised and selectively applied information and advice that resonated with their own experiences. For many, the information provided online by other women in the same situation was valued more highly than advice from health professionals. Women reported that they used their knowledge and competency in encounters with health professionals but hesitated to disclose the origin of their knowledge. Those with a high level of education in medicine-related fields raised a concern about the Internet as a source of horror stories and erroneous information and were actively engaged in trying to minimize potential negative effects, by providing biomedical information.
The popularity of Web-based discussion forums among pregnant women suggests that this group needs additional sources of information and support to complement traditional consultations with the health professionals. The professionals need to recognize that pregnant women access Web-based discussion forums for support and information to increase their ability to take better health decisions for themselves. This is a potential resource that health professionals may find useful in consultations with pregnant women.
The Internet is one of the fastest growing sources of information on pregnancy-related health topics and plays a significant role in health information seeking and decision-making, as well as for social networking and support [
In Norway, almost everyone has access to the Internet, and most people have access to more than one information and communication technology platform. According to 2015 statistics, 96% of the population in the 16-79 year age group were Internet users, and 90% of the women in the 25-34 year age group used the Internet to seek for health-related information [
“Health literacy” (HL) is a term introduced in the 1970s, but there is still not one universally accepted definition for this term [
We have used the medically unexplained condition, pelvic girdle pain (PGP), as a tracer condition because an increasing number of pregnant women, especially in the Scandinavian countries, are diagnosed with PGP [
We decided to collect data by using email interviews because this method of data collection enabled women from a wide geographical area to participate in interviews without making any special arrangements. Email interviews also enabled us to recruit women who were juggling work with pregnancy or motherhood and who might view online interviews as less of a burden than face-to-face interviews. We also wanted answers in a here-and-now dialogue between the interviewees and the researcher and decided to use the method of synchronous email interviews. This interview method is described in detail in the Data collection and Analysis section. Next, we developed a thematic semistructured interview guide with 5 main topics: (1) motivation for participation in Internet discussions on PGP, (2) learning outcome, (3) support, (4) encounters with the health professionals, and (5) Internet discussions and health behavior. The interview guide was used as a flexible tool during the interview process.
Invitations to participate in the study were posted on 3 different open websites for pregnant women and mothers. We sought computer-literate women who could read, write, and understand Norwegian, who experienced PGP during pregnancy, and who had participated in Web-based discussion forums during pregnancy. However, we experienced that sampling via the Internet was more challenging than expected. It took us more than 5 months to set up a sample of 11 women who fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the study. Twenty-three women expressed interest, and 11 of them participated in the study. Among the nonparticipants, 7 did not respond to follow-up mails, and 5 were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria.
The first author received permission from the people in charge of the open website www.barnimagen.com to advertise for participants on the discussion forum on PGP, and the invitation was posted in October 2013. During the next 2 months, 10 women made contact and expressed their interest. We emailed invitations with detailed project information and a consent form, but 3 women never responded to the initial or follow-up emails. Seven women responded positively and participated in email interviews during autumn 2013. Next, we decided to post the invitation on an additional Internet site to increase the number of participants. The first author received permission from the midwife in charge of the site www.altformamma.com to advertise for participants. The invitation was posted in December 2013, and it was reposted several times over the next months to generate more informants. During this period, 13 women contacted us. Among those, 5 did not fulfill the inclusion criteria, and 4 did not respond to follow-up emails. Four women were included in the study, with interviews taking place between January and March 2014. To increase the number of participants, we also advertised for participants on the website www.babyverden.com in February 2014. However, there were no responses to our advertisement as it was difficult to see among the large number of threads and discussions on this website. After the final interviews in March, we decided to stop further sampling because although the sample was small, we had quite a rich and nuanced dataset, representing women from different social and professional backgrounds, geographical areas, age groups, and pregnancy status.
All the women had participated in Web-based discussions on PGP, and all had experienced PGP during their pregnancies. Most of them were on maternity leave, or were sick-listed due to PGP, and many experienced persisting symptoms of PGP after delivery. We have given nicknames to the participants so that the readers can discriminate between them while reading the Result section.
Participants.
Participant | Age, years | Profession | Pregnancy status | Nonpregnant women: time since delivery | PGPaexperience |
Anne | 28 | Secretary | First pregnancy | PGP in pregnancy, sick-listed | |
Betty | 30 | Engineer | Second pregnancy | PGP in both pregnancies, sick-listed | |
Cecilia | 29 | Nurse | Not pregnant, 2 children | 16 weeks | PGP in both pregnancies, persisting symptoms |
Dea | 24 | Bank employee | Third pregnancy | PGP in her last 2 pregnancies | |
Eva | 36 | Veterinary | Second pregnancy | PGP in both pregnancies |
|
Frida | 39 | Assistant nurse | Not pregnant, 2 children | 4 years | PGP in both pregnancies, persisting symptoms |
Gill | 39 | Medical doctor | Not pregnant, 1 child | 18 months | PGP in pregnancy, persisting symptoms |
Hannah | 22 | Health care assistant | Not pregnant, 1 child | 3 months | PGP in pregnancy, persisting symptoms |
Inga | 38 | Farmer | Not pregnant, 1 child | 18 months | PGP in pregnancy, persisting symptoms, sick-listed |
Jenny | 36 | Cleaner | Not pregnant, 3 children | 6 months | PGP in all pregnancies, persisting symptoms |
Karen | 22 | Kiosk worker | Not pregnant, 1 child | 6 months | PGP in pregnancy |
aPGP: pelvic girdle pain.
All email interviews were carried out in Norwegian by the first author. The interview situation lacked the body language, gestures, smiles, eye contact, and small talk that occur in face-to-face interviews; hence, it demanded a different approach to establish trust and dialogue. The researcher sent follow-up responses with encouraging comments to the participants during the interviews to establish trust and facilitate communication. However, extra care was taken about how the conversation was phrased throughout the interviews, as the researcher was aware that the research participants might use the email correspondence for their own purposes.
One topic was addressed at a time. After receiving the answers on 1 topic, follow-up questions were sent to ask for more information or to prevent misunderstandings, before turning to the next topic. Sometimes, short summaries were written, asking the woman to confirm her interpretation of their answers. This worked well. Many women contributed with detailed answers, and the follow-up questions generated additional information on each topic. Most interviews took 1 to 2 hours, and there were no dropouts. One interview was interrupted by grocery shopping, and another was delayed owing to sick children. These incidents were solved by taking pauses or by completing the interview the next day.
The first author transferred the email correspondence to text files after the interviews, and then she deleted the mails. The Norwegian authors read the interview documents in full text, before the first author performed the initial coding of the data, using Nvivo10. In the initial part of the analysis process, the first author used the concepts of interactive HL [
Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Ethical approval was given by the Regional Committee for Research Ethics (reference number 2012/2225/REK Vest). We have carefully sheltered the anonymity of all the participants in the study, and the data are stored in a password-based research server, accessible only to the research team.
After the analysis process described earlier, we organized the findings into 3 key themes: (1) seeking experience-based health information online; (2) understanding and appraising experience-based online health information; and (3) taking control over one' health. The quotes that illustrate the findings were translated to English by the Norwegian authors.
This theme describes why the participants looked for experience-based health information online and how they judged the relevance of this information. The theme resonates with central dimensions of interactional HL, such as seeking, finding, and appraising relevance of information from different forms of communication.
Most women went online to look for people in the same situation as themselves. Some were primarily looking for information, whereas others were looking for emotional support, detailed advice about special topics, or alternative courses of action for themselves. The expectations and motives to participate in the Internet discussions differed across the sample according to previous experience with PGP. Those without previous experience with PGP, such as Hannah and Karen, sought information and emotional support. Hannah attended the discussion forum because she was worried and needed advice: “
“I got advice from my mom and my mother in law, but it is a long time since they had babies and they may have forgotten a lot. I feel much better discussing my problems with women who are in the same situation.”
However, pregnant women who had former experience of PGP also sought support and advice from others. Betty wrote: “
Dea participated to diagnose her own symptoms, and to “
Others wanted to give support and share knowledge with others, to help them solve their health problems. Many women who gave medical information and advice to others had no professional background from medicine-related fields. The engineer, Betty, for example, said: “
Women such as Eva, with high education in medicine-related fields, justified their participation differently: “
The women found what they were looking for, appraising the information and support as relevant because it was experience-based and updated and originated from women in the same situation as themselves.
This theme describes how interaction with others influenced the participants' knowledge on how to deal with their health problems and how they appraised the validity of the health information that they derived from Web-based interactions. Thus, the theme resonates with other dimensions of interactional HL, such as understanding and appraising validity of information to address or solve a health problem.
The discussion forums seemed to contribute to increased knowledge and higher capability to act on health problems. The women informed each other about symptoms, incidence, and prognosis. Dea said that the Web-based discussions were vital for her knowledge about PGP: “
However, this knowledge also made them more aware of potential health risks and of risk reduction. Women reported that the Internet forums had informed them that pushing their physical activity limits during pregnancy might increase the risk of developing persisting health problems after delivery. Such stories fostered an awareness of risks. Women posted directions on where to seek help and treatment and how to request health care or sick leave. However, the advice-seeking women reported that they compared other women's experiences to their own experiences and symptoms before they decided whether to implement the advice.
For many, the advice from others in the same situation fostered an increased understanding of how to maintain health and well-being. Betty had learnt “
Women also shared information about social rights, such as access to treatment, physical remedies, job adjustments, or sick leave. This information was highly valued. Some commented that the doctors often lacked an overview of social rights, and that women need to know their rights to receive adequate help. Inga, among others, blamed herself for the persisting health problems: “
A few women, such as Eva and Gill, who both had high education in medicine-related fields, were concerned about the validity of experience-based knowledge. Eva said that she contributed to the discussions with what she termed “correct information”: “
“Some answers might have poor quality. But I think that there is valuable advice online, especially advice from others in the same situation who have new experiences. I think that this advice is often better than advice from health professionals, who lack this bodily experience themselves.” (Dea)
Most women developed increased understanding of how to maintain health and well-being in pregnancy, and they appraised the validity of experience-based advice from peers.
This theme describes how the participants took control over their own health by applying information to promote and maintain their health and illustrates another central dimension of maternal HL.
Many participants described how they navigated in the health system, how they negotiated with the health professionals to get their needs met, and how they applied the advice from the Internet to cope with their everyday life. Some reported how they had contacted doctors and requested physiotherapy, chiropractic services, or acupuncture treatment. Anne, for example, wrote: “
However, some women did not argue for their needs at all. They said that they hid their knowledge and its origins in the encounter with the health care providers because they knew that the professionals did not value experience-based knowledge from Internet forums. Dea told that she never shared her thoughts and knowledge with the health care providers because she had experienced that the professionals did not listen to her: “
“I have good health control now, as a result of good advice from other women on the Internet. (…) I have used good exercises and pelvic belt, relaxed when I had pain, and accepted that it is ok to stay in bed if needed.”
The data indicate selective application of knowledge, as the women appraised and applied information and advice that resonated with their own experiences.
In our study sample, interaction in Web-based discussion forums influenced maternal HL, in terms of increased health-related knowledge and competencies, increased awareness of health promotion and health protection, and better capability to navigate health systems. Women critically appraised and selectively applied information and advice that resonated with their own experiences. For many, the information provided online from other women in the same situation was valued more highly than advice from health professionals. Women reported that they used their knowledge and competency in the encounter with health professionals but hesitated to disclose the origin of their knowledge. Those with a high level of education in medicine-related fields raised a concern about the discussion forums as a source of horror stories and erroneous information and were actively engaged in trying to minimize potential negative effects, by providing biomedical information. Women's concerns about the quality of online pregnancy-related health information have been reported elsewhere [
Our findings on Web-based discussion forums as a source of information and support for pregnant women resonate with findings of other studies in the field [
As far as we know, previous Internet research has not explored the influence of informal discussion forums on maternal HL. Women have traditionally shared private concerns and received informal support and advice from other women during pregnancy. This sharing and caring in an informal private space has partly been replaced by informal interaction on the Internet. Interaction with others who share the same illness experiences may have greater weight than advice from health professionals, who are unlikely to have these experiences [
Using email interviews produced a sample that included women from a wide geographical area and different social backgrounds. Many participants commented that communication via email enabled them to participate from their home without making any special arrangements. Other Internet studies on pregnancy and birth have also reported that the participants valued email interviews [
The recruitment process was challenging. We tried to increase the number of participants by advertising for participants on several websites. However, this generated answers from women who did not fulfill the inclusion criteria. It was also challenging to create commitment online. Many withdrew from further interaction when they realized that they were expected to follow formal research procedures, including signing a written consent form. Although participants were self-selected, they had in-depth experience of the phenomenon and came from diverse backgrounds. But, the sample was weighted toward women with persisting health problems after pregnancy. We do not know whether currently pregnant women would have different views or whether different views and experiences vary systematically among women from different social and educational backgrounds.
In our study sample, interaction in Web-based discussion forums influenced maternal HL. The popularity of Web-based discussion forums among pregnant women suggests that this group needs additional sources of information and support to complement traditional consultations with the health professionals. Health care providers should acknowledge Web-based discussion forums as a source of health information that may influence pregnant women's health behavior. They also need to recognize that pregnant women access Web-based discussion forums for support and information to increase their ability to take better health decisions for themselves. This is a potential resource that health professionals may find useful in consultations with pregnant women.
pelvic girdle pain
health literacy
This study was funded by Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway. The authors also acknowledge the help of all the 11 participants, and the persons in charge of the open websites.
None declared.